Civil War Union Army bugler John Cook is one of the youngest Medal of Honor recipients in American history. When he was just a teen, he marched into battle with his counterparts several times, including during the bloody Battle of Antietam, where he took over as a cannoneer to help fend off a Confederate advance.
Cook was born on Aug. 16, 1847, in Cincinnati, to Thomas and Lydia Cook. Months after the Civil War broke out, the young man, who was already working as a laborer, wanted to do his part to help, so — at age 14 and standing at a mere 4 feet 9 inches, according to historians — he enlisted in the Union Army.
Cook served with Battery B of the 4th U.S. Artillery as a bugler, but the role was like a messenger, of sorts. The bugle's high-pitched sound could reach further than human voices, so it was used to pass on officers' orders, via a system of calls and signals, to units across a battlefield.
On Sept. 17, 1862, Cook's unit was among a detachment under the command of Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker during the Battle of Antietam, Maryland. As daylight broke that morning, the battery was marching south on Hagerstown Pike when it came under heavy fire from Confederate infantrymen.
During the early part of the melee, the unit's leader, Capt. Joseph B. Campbell, was injured by musket fire as he dismounted a horse. Cook, who was nearby, helped him to safety behind some haystacks before being ordered by Campbell to let Lt. James Stewart know he would have to take command of the battery.
Cook returned to the battery to pass that message on. After he completed the mission, however, he noticed that the attack had killed most of his unit's cannoneers.
Without thinking twice, the young man began loading cannons by himself until Gen. John Gibbon, who happened to be riding by, saw him doing the work alone. Gibbon — still dressed in a general's uniform — hopped off his horse and began to help. While the Confederates came dangerously close to completely taking over, Gibbon and Cook were able to successfully man the cannons and push the enemy back.
The Battle of Antietam was considered the bloodiest of the Civil War. According to a 1961 Cincinnati Enquirer newspaper article, 40 of Battery B's 100 men were either killed or injured during the fight.
Cook's heroics weren't only during the Battle of Antietam. In 1863, during the Battle of Gettysburg, he worked fervently to carry messages across a half mile of open terrain as enemy fire flew around him. He also helped destroy a damaged caisson to keep it from falling into enemy hands.
Cook received an honorable discharge from the Army in June 1864; however, he wasn't quite finished serving his country. In September 1864, Cook briefly joined the Union Navy. According to Arlington Historical Magazine, he served on the Union gunboat Peosta until June 1865, shortly after the war ended.
After his second stint at service, Cook moved back to Cincinnati, where he worked in his father's shoe shop. In 1870, he married Isabella MacBryde. They had three children, John, Rebecca and Margarette.
According to the Cincinnati Enquirer, Cook eventually got bored working in the shoe shop, so he joined the Cincinnati police before taking a job as a county recorder.
In 1887, Cook moved his family to Washington, D.C., where he worked for many years as a guard for the U.S. Government Printing Office.
On June 30, 1894 — nearly 32 years after his valiant actions during the Battle of Antietam — Cook received the Medal of Honor for his bravery during that fight.
Cook died on Aug. 3, 1915, at age 67. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery beside his wife, who died a year after he did.
This article is part of a weekly series called "Medal of Honor Monday," in which we highlight one of the more than 3,500 Medal of Honor recipients who have received the U.S. military's highest medal for valor.