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Oh , man , I'm Dave Deptula , dean of 

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F's Mitchell Institute for Aerospace 

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Studies and welcome to our aerospace 

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nation . Siri's really pleased today . 

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Toe Have two very special guest . Mr 

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Jim Bridon Stein , administrator of 

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NASA on General J . Raymond , chief of 

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space operations , United States Space 

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Force and 

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Administrator Bride and Steen Stein 

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Lee's NASA and advancing America's 

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aeronautic science and space 

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exploration objectives , including 

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NASA's return to the Moon with the 

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Artemus program , commercial resupply 

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of the International Space Station and 

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development of the X 59 quiet 

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supersonic aircraft in the X 57 all 

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electric aircraft . General Raymond is 

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the chief of space operations , the 

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United States Space Force . In this 

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role , he serves with senior uniformed 

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officer responsible for organizing , 

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training and equipping of assigned US 

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space forces . Welcome administrator in 

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general . And thanks very much for 

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taking time to join us today . It's my 

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honor , its proud to be here . Thanks . 

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I think both of you would agree with me 

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that it's been ah , year for the 

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history books for American space . Sick 

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experts uh , administrator I congrats 

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to you and the NASA team for the 

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spectacular launch . Flawless mission 

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on safe return of American astronauts 

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on American rockets from American soil 

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in General Raymond , congrats on 

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approaching the one year anniversary of 

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the establishment of the U . S . Space 

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Force a czar , newest branch of the 

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armed forces . Now , given NASA's rich 

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history of collaboration with the 

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Department of Defense , I'd also like 

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to extend my congratulations to your 

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two organizations , have you , as 

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you've just signed a new memorandum of 

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understanding between US Space Force 

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and NASA on areas of cooperation and 

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collaboration . So let's kick things 

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off by giving you both an opportunity 

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to make a few opening remarks , 

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including details about that new 

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agreement between NASA and the Space 

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Force on De . So why don't we kick 

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off ? Begin with your perspectives on 

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NASA , Give uh , you bet . Thank you , 

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General Deptula . It's great to be with 

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you . Great to be back at the Mitchell 

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Institute on . But of course , you know , 

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I wish we could all be doing this in 

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person , but given the conditions , I 

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think this is a great opportunity toe 

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to be able to talk to the national 

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security community in a in a meaningful 

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way . Um , I will tell you , you know , 

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as the NASA administrator When ? When I 

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talkto , you know , the man on the 

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street or the woman on the street . Ah , 

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lot of people ask me about the space 

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force that you know , they say . So 

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how's the space force coming along ? 

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And , you know , congratulations on the 

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space force . And , um , a lot of 

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people conflate the two . Andi , I 

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think it's important that people 

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understand there is a big difference . 

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Our mission sets between NASA and the 

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Space Force are very different , but we 

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share a very similar . In fact , we 

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share the same domain and we're 

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operating , you know , in the same 

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environment . Eso there's a lot of 

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synergies , a lot of overlap . And of 

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course , when we think about the space 

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Force , we think about the history of 

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of for example , um , Air Force Space 

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Command , which NASA has had , you know , 

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a memorandum of understanding with now 

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for years on DWhite we do today . We're 

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updating that memorandum of 

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understanding so that it is now with 

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the US Space Force , which is a 

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fantastic ah , fantastic thing to do . 

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And I'm very proud of the teams for for 

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getting together and making it happen . 

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You're probably aware I was a big 

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advocate for the space force when I was 

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in the House of Representatives . We 

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worked really hard to get the bill 

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passed years ago . Um , and ultimately , 

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uh , it got through the house with 344 

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bipartisan votes . It stalled out in 

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the Senate . Um And then , of course , 

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recently it was It was created with , 

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with bipartisan support in both the 

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House and Senate and and and , of 

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course , signed by the President . 

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United States . Um , so so where NASA 

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is , you know , when we think as a 

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national security community . And I do 

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think , you know , NASA plays an 

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important role in national security . 

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We don't do defense . We don't fight 

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and win wars . That is not our That is 

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not our role . Our role when we think 

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about the elements of national power , 

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uh , the national security community 

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talks about dime diplomatic power , 

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information , power , military power , 

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economic power . NASA plays on the 

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diplomatic side in a very robust way . 

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So , for example , on the international 

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space station we have we have 15 

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different countries operating the 

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international space station . We've had 

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astronauts from 19 different countries 

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on the international space station . 

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We've had experiments from over 103 . I 

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think it's 103 now . It might be more . 

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Now 100 and three different countries 

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have had experiments on the 

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international space station , So this 

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is really a tool of diplomacy for the 

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nation . On Daz , we go to from low 

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Earth orbit to the moon under the 

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Artemus program . We're putting 

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together a coalition of nations , Um , 

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that that we're going to go sustainably 

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to the moon under Artemus . Um , 

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Artemus , of course , in Greek 

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mythology is the twin sister of Apollo . 

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This time , when we go to the moon , 

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it's not . It's not just a technology 

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demonstration . We're going sustainably 

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to the moon to deliver science and 

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exploration capabilities in a way 

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that's never been done before . And 

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we're going for the first time with a 

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very diverse , um , highly qualified 

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astronaut corps that includes women in 

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Greek mythology . Artemus is the twin 

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sister of Apollo on DSO . I think this 

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is a unique time in American history 

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where we could go sustainably to the 

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moon . Um , I will tell you that , 

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given the challenges that exist in 

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space , um , it is necessary to have 

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security . And that's why it is so 

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important for NASA to to work side by 

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side with the space force . So where do 

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we play ? We play on the diplomatic 

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side for sure . By the way , we have 

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currently , uh , over 700 active 

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agreements with nations all around the 

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world . That's an amazing tool of 

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diplomacy . Now , that's of course , 

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for science on duh robotic missions to 

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Mars and deep space and astrophysics 

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missions . Things like that . Then we 

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have , you know , on the information 

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side , when we think about the power of 

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information , you know , we remember , 

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for example , you know , just ah , A 

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year ago , we celebrated the 50th 

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anniversary of Apollo 11 the first of 

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six moon landings . And I will tell you , 

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we we had over 500,000 people on the 

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National Mall celebrating this 

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achievement . That was done 50 years 

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ago . It was it was a huge event . Um , 

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and what's what's amazing about it is 

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it was celebrated all over the world 

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and and when Buzz Aldrin and Neil 

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Armstrong walked on the moon , it was 

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seen and heard by everybody on the 

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planet all at one time . That's an 

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amazing tool of ah , of American power 

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to say , Look , you know , we have a 

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challenge sometimes . Back then it was 

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about reaching behind the Iron Curtain 

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in the former Soviet Union and 

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communicating to people about the 

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values of of Western democracy . 

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Um , today we think about landing , we 

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landed Insight on Mars . It was one of 

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the first missions that I got to 

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participate in the NASA Administrator . 

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It was a lander that it was the eighth 

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time in human history that we've landed 

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softly on Mars . The United States of 

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America is the only country that's been 

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able to do it . And it received , you 

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know , front page news . Oh , I don't 

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know . I don't know if it was front 

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page news , but it received news in 

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Tehran and and and the publication said 

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very specifically , it was the the 

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hardline newspaper of the Islamic 

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Revolutionary Guard Corps in Iran . Um , 

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that is not an organization that 

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generally says anything nice about the 

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United States of America . But in this 

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particular case , they talked about , 

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you know , landing on the moon for the 

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eighth time in human history . And in 

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the article , it talked about our 

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international partners that were with 

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us . That's the kind of reach that has 

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the ability to change the perceptions 

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of young people all over the world , 

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towards the United States of America in 

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a way that Onley really NASA has that 

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ability . So so we think about 

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diplomatic power . We think about 

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information power on the military side . 

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That's not where we are . That's not 

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what we dio . Of course , there's a lot 

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We share an industrial base and things 

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like that . Of course , on the economic 

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side , we play very strongly very , 

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very strongly there . We're 

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commercializing low Earth orbit with 

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commercial crew , which , as you 

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mentioned General Deptula , we just saw 

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launching American astronauts on 

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American rockets from American soil . 

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That represented a $3.5 billion 

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investment by the American taxpayer . 

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But it was also a public private 

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partnership . NASA wants to be one 

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customer of many customers in a very 

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robust commercial marketplace for human 

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space flight and low earth orbit on . 

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We also wanna have numerous providers 

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that compete against each other on 

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costs and innovation , driving down 

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costs and increasing access . So it's 

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it's it's commercially resupplying the 

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international space station . Now it's 

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commercial crew to the International 

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Space station . The next big thing is 

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commercial space stations themselves . 

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And of course , we're gonna land on the 

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moon commercially . We're applying the 

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business models that have worked to 

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achieve that . The objectives that 

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we've already achieved . We're applying 

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those to the to the next big leap . And , 

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of course , that is going sustainably 

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to the moon , Andi , and learning how 

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to live and work on another world for 

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long periods of time and then going to 

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Mars . All of these missions are 

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focused on diplomatic power , 

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information power , economic power on 

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band and building that economy around a 

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very valuable resource , which is 

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microgravity . And certainly there's , 

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you know , lots to say on that . That 

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would probably be an entirely separate 

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kind of discussion . Um , but But I'm 

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thrilled to be here at the Mitchell 

273
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Institute . What ? I hope people take 

274
00:10:53,301 --> 00:10:55,301
away from this discussion today . I 

275
00:10:55,301 --> 00:10:58,160
hope people take away that NASA . Yes , 

276
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we do . Science , exploration , 

277
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discovery . We develop outer space . 

278
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But But I really hope people take away 

279
00:11:05,607 --> 00:11:07,718
that we are an instrument of national 

280
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power . It is soft power . It is 

281
00:11:10,390 --> 00:11:12,710
diplomatic power , information , power , 

282
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economic power . But what we can't do 

283
00:11:15,330 --> 00:11:17,441
is we can't do any of those things if 

284
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space is not secure . And that's why it 

285
00:11:19,800 --> 00:11:22,133
was important to create the space force . 

286
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That's why it's important for NASA to 

287
00:11:24,244 --> 00:11:26,356
partner with the space Force on a lot 

288
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of the things that we're going to 

289
00:11:28,244 --> 00:11:30,356
partner on . And and we're thrilled . 

290
00:11:30,356 --> 00:11:32,300
Toe have this memory memorandum of 

291
00:11:32,300 --> 00:11:34,430
understanding that , um that General 

292
00:11:34,430 --> 00:11:37,140
Raymond and I just recently signed on 

293
00:11:37,140 --> 00:11:39,140
We're thrilled the highlighted here 

294
00:11:39,140 --> 00:11:41,029
today at the Mitchell Institute . 

295
00:11:41,340 --> 00:11:43,118
Thanks very much , sir . Really 

296
00:11:43,118 --> 00:11:46,180
appreciate it . And with that over to 

297
00:11:46,180 --> 00:11:48,180
you , General Raymond . Thank you , 

298
00:11:48,180 --> 00:11:50,402
General Abdul . And let me just say how 

299
00:11:50,402 --> 00:11:52,624
great it is to be here this morning . I 

300
00:11:52,624 --> 00:11:54,680
too , wish we could be doing this in 

301
00:11:54,680 --> 00:11:57,080
person , but I really appreciate the 

302
00:11:57,080 --> 00:11:59,136
opportunity . The Mitchell Institute 

303
00:11:59,136 --> 00:12:01,360
has provided us toe talk about what I 

304
00:12:01,360 --> 00:12:03,527
think is really , really important for 

305
00:12:03,527 --> 00:12:05,416
our national security and for our 

306
00:12:05,416 --> 00:12:08,510
country . And I would also like toe say 

307
00:12:08,510 --> 00:12:10,621
it's a real privilege and honor to be 

308
00:12:10,621 --> 00:12:12,788
here with administrative Brian Stein , 

309
00:12:12,788 --> 00:12:14,899
a zai mentioned in kind of our little 

310
00:12:14,899 --> 00:12:14,620
lead up . It's a heck of a lot easier 

311
00:12:14,630 --> 00:12:16,797
being with him when I'm not testifying 

312
00:12:16,797 --> 00:12:18,963
in front of him is a congressman . But 

313
00:12:18,963 --> 00:12:21,130
I will tell you he's a great partner . 

314
00:12:21,130 --> 00:12:23,840
And I was really thrilled . Really 

315
00:12:23,840 --> 00:12:26,540
thrilled to be able Toby down it it , 

316
00:12:26,550 --> 00:12:29,600
uh , Cape Canaveral for the not too 

317
00:12:29,600 --> 00:12:31,378
long ago launch of again as you 

318
00:12:31,378 --> 00:12:33,544
mentioned us astronauts from US soil . 

319
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And I'll talk a little bit about this 

320
00:12:35,656 --> 00:12:37,767
and my talk way . Have we had a small 

321
00:12:37,767 --> 00:12:39,570
role in that ? But to see the 

322
00:12:39,570 --> 00:12:43,170
excitement of the nation of was 

323
00:12:43,170 --> 00:12:45,260
just was just a real thrill . And I 

324
00:12:45,260 --> 00:12:47,427
want to congratulate the administrator 

325
00:12:47,427 --> 00:12:50,870
in all of NASA for the great great , uh , 

326
00:12:51,240 --> 00:12:53,240
advances they've made here over the 

327
00:12:53,240 --> 00:12:55,320
last couple years . Uh , I also know 

328
00:12:55,320 --> 00:12:57,376
that Administrator Brian Stein would 

329
00:12:57,376 --> 00:12:59,376
agree with me that this is really a 

330
00:12:59,376 --> 00:13:01,542
defining a defining time in the United 

331
00:13:01,542 --> 00:13:03,598
States , especially as it relates to 

332
00:13:03,598 --> 00:13:05,598
space . And our spirit towards this 

333
00:13:05,598 --> 00:13:07,653
time should be on expansive push for 

334
00:13:07,653 --> 00:13:09,764
American leadership in all sectors of 

335
00:13:09,764 --> 00:13:12,110
space . And I'm pleased to say that 

336
00:13:12,110 --> 00:13:14,332
that's exactly what we're doing today . 

337
00:13:14,332 --> 00:13:16,240
And I think it's important is the 

338
00:13:16,240 --> 00:13:18,240
congressman is the ministry . Brian 

339
00:13:18,240 --> 00:13:20,650
Stein said , um uh , that we are 

340
00:13:20,650 --> 00:13:23,200
distinct intermissions . Uh , but in 

341
00:13:23,210 --> 00:13:25,266
every sector , whether it's national 

342
00:13:25,266 --> 00:13:27,321
security space sector , whether it's 

343
00:13:27,321 --> 00:13:29,266
which is think United States Space 

344
00:13:29,266 --> 00:13:31,154
Force in the United States , Base 

345
00:13:31,154 --> 00:13:33,321
command , civil sector , think NASA or 

346
00:13:33,321 --> 00:13:35,210
commercial sector . And this is a 

347
00:13:35,210 --> 00:13:37,154
really bad term to use when you're 

348
00:13:37,154 --> 00:13:39,099
talking about space things but the 

349
00:13:39,099 --> 00:13:41,321
explosion of commercial space companies 

350
00:13:41,321 --> 00:13:43,321
and technologies , it's an exciting 

351
00:13:43,321 --> 00:13:45,432
time to be in our business across all 

352
00:13:45,432 --> 00:13:47,599
of those sectors . And I will tell you 

353
00:13:47,599 --> 00:13:49,432
that that that our nation is the 

354
00:13:49,432 --> 00:13:51,880
strongest when all of those sectors are 

355
00:13:51,880 --> 00:13:53,824
leading the way . And again , as I 

356
00:13:53,824 --> 00:13:55,936
mentioned up front , we're doing so I 

357
00:13:55,936 --> 00:13:58,102
would also say that you know , I was a 

358
00:13:58,102 --> 00:14:01,820
young kid . Uh , my dad was in the Army . 

359
00:14:01,820 --> 00:14:04,042
We were station . There was a he taught 

360
00:14:04,042 --> 00:14:06,200
at West Point and I remember eyes a 

361
00:14:06,200 --> 00:14:08,367
very young child sitting in our living 

362
00:14:08,367 --> 00:14:10,422
room watching man walked on the moon 

363
00:14:10,422 --> 00:14:12,533
and being inspired . And I think that 

364
00:14:12,533 --> 00:14:14,589
today , with all the activity that's 

365
00:14:14,589 --> 00:14:16,867
going on and all the different sectors , 

366
00:14:16,867 --> 00:14:19,033
uh , we're gonna that that young folks 

367
00:14:19,033 --> 00:14:21,033
and our nation are gonna be equally 

368
00:14:21,033 --> 00:14:23,033
inspired today , and I think that's 

369
00:14:23,033 --> 00:14:25,089
gonna be a really good thing for for 

370
00:14:25,089 --> 00:14:27,089
all of the sectors of space and you 

371
00:14:27,089 --> 00:14:29,311
look out , Um , folks that are applying 

372
00:14:29,311 --> 00:14:31,367
for Astro engineering degrees and at 

373
00:14:31,367 --> 00:14:33,589
universities across the country is up . 

374
00:14:33,589 --> 00:14:35,589
We have people knocking on our door 

375
00:14:35,589 --> 00:14:35,580
asking us how to get into the space 

376
00:14:35,580 --> 00:14:37,810
space Space force . We have way more 

377
00:14:37,810 --> 00:14:39,977
people knocking on the door wanting to 

378
00:14:39,977 --> 00:14:42,199
come in , and we can . Then we can take 

379
00:14:42,199 --> 00:14:44,199
on our books . And I'm sure I don't 

380
00:14:44,199 --> 00:14:46,254
want to speak for Mr Bernstein . But 

381
00:14:46,254 --> 00:14:46,080
I'm sure there's similar , similar 

382
00:14:46,080 --> 00:14:48,302
things happening in his organization as 

383
00:14:48,302 --> 00:14:50,524
well . Um , I think it's important that 

384
00:14:50,524 --> 00:14:52,800
we understand this is , uh , the 

385
00:14:52,830 --> 00:14:54,941
minister said , The difference in our 

386
00:14:54,941 --> 00:14:56,719
missions that's where it is . A 

387
00:14:56,719 --> 00:14:58,830
different mission set as the nation's 

388
00:14:58,830 --> 00:15:00,830
newest branch of the armed services 

389
00:15:00,830 --> 00:15:02,886
were all about our national security 

390
00:15:02,886 --> 00:15:05,108
space enterprise , making sure that our 

391
00:15:05,108 --> 00:15:07,274
nation and our joint and coalition war 

392
00:15:07,274 --> 00:15:09,330
fighters have the space capabilities 

393
00:15:09,330 --> 00:15:11,497
that they need to provide advantage to 

394
00:15:11,497 --> 00:15:13,608
our nation . Uh , we've done this for 

395
00:15:13,608 --> 00:15:16,120
years . Way operate capabilities like 

396
00:15:16,130 --> 00:15:18,140
GPS satellites like communication 

397
00:15:18,140 --> 00:15:20,029
satellites , weather satellites , 

398
00:15:20,029 --> 00:15:22,084
missile warning satellites to detect 

399
00:15:22,084 --> 00:15:24,140
any missiles that might threaten the 

400
00:15:24,140 --> 00:15:26,307
United States . Space domain awareness 

401
00:15:26,307 --> 00:15:28,350
satellites toe have a better 

402
00:15:28,350 --> 00:15:30,350
understanding of what's going on in 

403
00:15:30,350 --> 00:15:31,961
that domain way . Share that 

404
00:15:31,961 --> 00:15:34,060
information broadly . Uh , including 

405
00:15:34,060 --> 00:15:36,340
with with NASA , we integrate these 

406
00:15:36,340 --> 00:15:38,507
capabilities and everything that we do 

407
00:15:38,507 --> 00:15:40,830
is a joint in in coalition force . And 

408
00:15:40,830 --> 00:15:43,220
what's new today is that we also have 

409
00:15:43,220 --> 00:15:44,776
to protect and defend those 

410
00:15:44,776 --> 00:15:46,720
capabilities to make sure that the 

411
00:15:46,720 --> 00:15:49,640
domain is safe and stable . Uh , NASA , 

412
00:15:49,640 --> 00:15:51,980
on the other hand , is Mr Brian Stein 

413
00:15:51,980 --> 00:15:53,924
talked about is in the science and 

414
00:15:53,924 --> 00:15:55,810
technology and exploration and 

415
00:15:55,820 --> 00:15:57,653
interplanetary types of missions 

416
00:15:57,653 --> 00:16:00,570
aeronautic types of missions on dso 

417
00:16:00,570 --> 00:16:02,737
their distinct . But we operate in the 

418
00:16:02,737 --> 00:16:04,848
same domain . We operate in that same 

419
00:16:04,848 --> 00:16:07,014
space domain . And if you look at what 

420
00:16:07,014 --> 00:16:09,181
we share , the common areas , I mean , 

421
00:16:09,181 --> 00:16:10,903
we share partners . You know , 

422
00:16:10,903 --> 00:16:13,126
Administrator talked about the partners 

423
00:16:13,126 --> 00:16:12,720
that they have . We have developed 

424
00:16:12,720 --> 00:16:14,831
significant amount of partnerships in 

425
00:16:14,831 --> 00:16:16,776
the national security space . Uh , 

426
00:16:16,776 --> 00:16:18,553
business we share some of those 

427
00:16:18,553 --> 00:16:20,831
partners . We share an industrial base . 

428
00:16:20,831 --> 00:16:22,942
We shared the desire to have a domain 

429
00:16:22,942 --> 00:16:25,053
that safe for all to operate . And we 

430
00:16:25,053 --> 00:16:27,331
share the desire for security in space . 

431
00:16:27,331 --> 00:16:29,570
We share R and D . We share science and 

432
00:16:29,570 --> 00:16:31,950
technology . We share roadmaps , if you 

433
00:16:31,950 --> 00:16:34,061
will , for for things that would be a 

434
00:16:34,061 --> 00:16:36,006
benefit for both . For both of our 

435
00:16:36,006 --> 00:16:38,061
organizations . And so this mou that 

436
00:16:38,061 --> 00:16:40,172
we're signing today , uh , reiterates 

437
00:16:40,172 --> 00:16:42,339
the close collaboration that we've had 

438
00:16:42,339 --> 00:16:44,506
with NASA . Uh , since the beginning , 

439
00:16:44,506 --> 00:16:46,561
I mean , if you look at it , we have 

440
00:16:46,561 --> 00:16:49,020
had a very strong partnership . If you 

441
00:16:49,020 --> 00:16:51,430
look at the Mercury seven , all of 

442
00:16:51,430 --> 00:16:53,430
those mercury seven astronauts were 

443
00:16:53,430 --> 00:16:55,652
military test pilots . Every single one 

444
00:16:55,652 --> 00:16:58,230
of , uh , in the in 1958 when the U . S . 

445
00:16:58,230 --> 00:16:59,897
Air Force Academy established 

446
00:16:59,897 --> 00:17:02,008
established astronautics program . We 

447
00:17:02,008 --> 00:17:04,063
have 42 different graduates from the 

448
00:17:04,063 --> 00:17:06,230
Air Force Academy . They've gone on to 

449
00:17:06,230 --> 00:17:08,452
become astronauts . We partner in space 

450
00:17:08,452 --> 00:17:10,508
situational awareness . We have NASA 

451
00:17:10,508 --> 00:17:12,841
representatives on our operations floor , 

452
00:17:12,841 --> 00:17:14,841
one of the one of the thousands and 

453
00:17:14,841 --> 00:17:17,063
thousands of objects that we track most 

454
00:17:17,063 --> 00:17:16,870
critical object that we track is 

455
00:17:16,870 --> 00:17:18,926
international Space Station , making 

456
00:17:18,926 --> 00:17:21,148
sure that we can keep that asset safe , 

457
00:17:21,148 --> 00:17:23,203
uh , and protect the astronauts that 

458
00:17:23,203 --> 00:17:26,110
that call that home . Um , we we 

459
00:17:26,110 --> 00:17:28,443
operate , we sit side by side with NASA , 

460
00:17:28,443 --> 00:17:30,666
providing them information to make sure 

461
00:17:30,666 --> 00:17:32,943
that we do that . To do that well , we , 

462
00:17:32,943 --> 00:17:34,832
uh , provide range support at our 

463
00:17:34,832 --> 00:17:36,999
launch ranges , both at Vandenberg and 

464
00:17:36,999 --> 00:17:38,888
and at the Cape . I mentioned the 

465
00:17:38,888 --> 00:17:41,720
launch of the recent launch of humans 

466
00:17:41,720 --> 00:17:44,330
Astronauts from from the Cape . Uh , 

467
00:17:44,340 --> 00:17:46,507
you know , we worked very closely with 

468
00:17:46,507 --> 00:17:48,618
NASA to be able to do that to do that 

469
00:17:48,618 --> 00:17:50,673
safely . On the other hand , we also 

470
00:17:50,673 --> 00:17:52,729
had rescue forces that were under my 

471
00:17:52,729 --> 00:17:54,840
command at the time when I was the US 

472
00:17:54,840 --> 00:17:56,840
base command commander to make sure 

473
00:17:56,840 --> 00:17:59,007
that we could protect those astronauts 

474
00:17:59,007 --> 00:18:01,118
of something . Uh , if something were 

475
00:18:01,118 --> 00:18:03,229
to go wrong eso way provide weather , 

476
00:18:03,229 --> 00:18:05,284
weather support in that space domain 

477
00:18:05,284 --> 00:18:07,507
awareness . I mean , the partnership is 

478
00:18:07,507 --> 00:18:07,470
really , really strong , and we're 

479
00:18:07,470 --> 00:18:09,692
excited to continue that and to enhance 

480
00:18:09,692 --> 00:18:12,140
it even more going forward . Uh , mou 

481
00:18:12,140 --> 00:18:15,130
is just another step in reiterating 

482
00:18:15,130 --> 00:18:17,130
that partnership and to expand that 

483
00:18:17,130 --> 00:18:19,352
partnership , especially if you look at 

484
00:18:19,352 --> 00:18:21,519
what the U . S . Space command mission 

485
00:18:21,519 --> 00:18:23,463
to Ted and the O . R for U S Space 

486
00:18:23,463 --> 00:18:25,574
Command . It says that the ER for for 

487
00:18:25,574 --> 00:18:27,630
that command is 100 kilometers above 

488
00:18:27,630 --> 00:18:29,574
the Earth's surface , globally and 

489
00:18:29,574 --> 00:18:31,574
outward . And so our domain that we 

490
00:18:31,574 --> 00:18:33,741
have to organize training and equipped 

491
00:18:33,741 --> 00:18:35,908
for and to provide capabilities for US 

492
00:18:35,908 --> 00:18:38,019
base commander to conduct its mission 

493
00:18:38,019 --> 00:18:40,352
goes well beyond Geo . And this is NASA , 

494
00:18:40,352 --> 00:18:44,290
explores out and gets to the moon , uh , 

495
00:18:44,300 --> 00:18:47,010
and eventually gets to Mars . We think 

496
00:18:47,010 --> 00:18:48,810
there's really some common 

497
00:18:48,820 --> 00:18:51,200
collaboration efforts to be had between 

498
00:18:51,200 --> 00:18:54,330
the two of us . Um , on with that , I 

499
00:18:54,330 --> 00:18:56,386
think I will just conclude by saying 

500
00:18:56,386 --> 00:18:58,441
it's a privilege to be here . It's a 

501
00:18:58,441 --> 00:19:00,497
privilege toe toe to be on the panel 

502
00:19:00,497 --> 00:19:02,663
with the administrator , Brian Stein . 

503
00:19:02,663 --> 00:19:04,663
We're very proud of the partnership 

504
00:19:04,663 --> 00:19:06,719
that we enjoy . I think having three 

505
00:19:06,719 --> 00:19:10,060
sectors of space , uh , national 

506
00:19:10,060 --> 00:19:13,130
security , civil and commercial , all 

507
00:19:13,140 --> 00:19:15,196
leading the way globally is really , 

508
00:19:15,196 --> 00:19:17,418
really important our nation as strength 

509
00:19:17,418 --> 00:19:19,473
of our nation . And I am sure that I 

510
00:19:19,473 --> 00:19:21,584
can guarantee under my leadership and 

511
00:19:21,584 --> 00:19:23,751
partnership with the Ministry of Brian 

512
00:19:23,751 --> 00:19:25,973
Stein , this partnership will only grow 

513
00:19:25,973 --> 00:19:28,196
closer is in the years ahead . And with 

514
00:19:28,196 --> 00:19:30,362
that , Gerald up to a lie will turn it 

515
00:19:30,362 --> 00:19:32,584
back to you and take it for the rest of 

516
00:19:32,584 --> 00:19:36,580
the rest of the thanks , both 

517
00:19:36,580 --> 00:19:39,370
of you . Those remarks , um , let's dig 

518
00:19:39,370 --> 00:19:41,426
a little bit deeper into some of the 

519
00:19:41,426 --> 00:19:43,648
topics that you hit upon , and I'm sure 

520
00:19:43,648 --> 00:19:45,870
our audience is interested . Care about 

521
00:19:45,870 --> 00:19:47,940
in more detail . Both of you touched 

522
00:19:47,940 --> 00:19:51,810
upon collaboration . Both NASA and the 

523
00:19:51,810 --> 00:19:54,290
Space Force conduct research and 

524
00:19:54,290 --> 00:19:56,401
development efforts for space systems 

525
00:19:56,401 --> 00:19:58,512
and technologies . You conduct ground 

526
00:19:58,512 --> 00:20:00,179
ops that support our national 

527
00:20:00,179 --> 00:20:02,320
objectives in space , and you both 

528
00:20:02,320 --> 00:20:06,210
operate on orbit systems . So tell us a 

529
00:20:06,210 --> 00:20:08,432
little bit about how NASA and the space 

530
00:20:08,432 --> 00:20:11,180
force deconflict your roles and 

531
00:20:11,180 --> 00:20:14,930
responsibilities in these areas . Jim , 

532
00:20:14,930 --> 00:20:17,097
why don't you go first ? Yeah , So , I 

533
00:20:17,097 --> 00:20:19,820
mean , I think the big thing is , um , 

534
00:20:19,830 --> 00:20:23,580
what NASA's job is , um is science 

535
00:20:23,590 --> 00:20:27,090
discovery exploration on DSO 

536
00:20:27,100 --> 00:20:29,450
as long as our missions air focused 

537
00:20:29,450 --> 00:20:31,900
there , I think I think there's , you 

538
00:20:31,900 --> 00:20:33,956
know , that's that's where we play . 

539
00:20:33,956 --> 00:20:36,122
And that's where we do really , really 

540
00:20:36,122 --> 00:20:38,810
good work . Um , it is also true that 

541
00:20:38,810 --> 00:20:40,790
the space domain is becoming more 

542
00:20:40,790 --> 00:20:43,020
challenging . And , you know , those 

543
00:20:43,020 --> 00:20:45,242
challenges affect NASA , just like they 

544
00:20:45,242 --> 00:20:47,464
affect commercial operators . Just like 

545
00:20:47,464 --> 00:20:49,890
they affect Noah . For example , Andi , 

546
00:20:49,900 --> 00:20:52,950
that's really where we rely on the 

547
00:20:52,950 --> 00:20:55,610
space force to be to be supportive of 

548
00:20:55,610 --> 00:20:57,850
what we're trying trying to achieve . 

549
00:20:58,240 --> 00:21:00,296
Um , you know , we think about , you 

550
00:21:00,296 --> 00:21:02,880
know , proliferating technologies , um , 

551
00:21:02,890 --> 00:21:06,270
like , jamming and spoofing and , you 

552
00:21:06,270 --> 00:21:08,326
know , using you know , laser energy 

553
00:21:08,326 --> 00:21:11,650
for dazzling and and you know , hacking 

554
00:21:11,650 --> 00:21:13,594
and these kind of things that that 

555
00:21:13,594 --> 00:21:15,870
affect pretty much everybody in the 

556
00:21:15,870 --> 00:21:19,450
space domain . The question is , 

557
00:21:19,840 --> 00:21:22,710
um what ? You know , how do we 

558
00:21:22,720 --> 00:21:24,870
attribute those things that are 

559
00:21:24,870 --> 00:21:27,350
happening in space ? E Getting to that 

560
00:21:27,360 --> 00:21:30,340
attribution piece is critically 

561
00:21:30,340 --> 00:21:32,340
important . And it's very difficult 

562
00:21:32,340 --> 00:21:34,229
when it comes to space . And , of 

563
00:21:34,229 --> 00:21:36,229
course , one of the things that you 

564
00:21:36,229 --> 00:21:38,451
know , we're we we see in the future is 

565
00:21:38,451 --> 00:21:40,618
you know , when when something strange 

566
00:21:40,618 --> 00:21:42,451
happens to NASA , we're gonna be 

567
00:21:42,451 --> 00:21:44,396
sharing that data . We're gonna be 

568
00:21:44,396 --> 00:21:46,729
sharing it quickly on DOF course . That , 

569
00:21:46,729 --> 00:21:49,690
of course , has has been true in low 

570
00:21:49,690 --> 00:21:51,900
earth orbit and all the way out to geo 

571
00:21:51,900 --> 00:21:54,500
stationary orbit . Um , but , you know , 

572
00:21:54,500 --> 00:21:57,050
the next big thing is , you know , cis 

573
00:21:57,050 --> 00:22:00,180
lunar space and even the lunar surface . 

574
00:22:00,640 --> 00:22:04,140
Um , way we want to see , you know , 

575
00:22:04,140 --> 00:22:07,560
behaviors improved in space . 

576
00:22:08,440 --> 00:22:11,130
And so that's really , uh , I think 

577
00:22:11,140 --> 00:22:12,918
from a from a national security 

578
00:22:12,918 --> 00:22:15,084
perspective , there's there's two ways 

579
00:22:15,084 --> 00:22:17,230
of doing it . One is , you know , no 

580
00:22:17,230 --> 00:22:19,286
kidding . Hard power , which is what 

581
00:22:19,286 --> 00:22:21,508
the space Force is all about , and then 

582
00:22:21,508 --> 00:22:23,563
to its soft power . So I'll give you 

583
00:22:23,563 --> 00:22:25,730
I'll give an example . Um , you know , 

584
00:22:25,730 --> 00:22:29,690
the Artemus program is the envy of so 

585
00:22:29,690 --> 00:22:31,857
many nations around the world . we had 

586
00:22:31,857 --> 00:22:33,912
a meeting the other day . We invited 

587
00:22:33,912 --> 00:22:35,912
countries to come . Who wants to be 

588
00:22:35,912 --> 00:22:38,134
with us when we go to the moon ? We had 

589
00:22:38,134 --> 00:22:40,023
26 nations show up . Some of them 

590
00:22:40,023 --> 00:22:42,134
didn't even have space agencies . But 

591
00:22:42,134 --> 00:22:44,246
they want to be with us on the moon , 

592
00:22:44,246 --> 00:22:46,357
and and we want them to be with us on 

593
00:22:46,357 --> 00:22:46,100
the moon . This is a tremendously 

594
00:22:46,100 --> 00:22:49,300
valuable diplomatic tool . And so ? So 

595
00:22:49,300 --> 00:22:52,110
we decided when when we saw the level 

596
00:22:52,110 --> 00:22:54,530
of interest and enthusiasm that we 

597
00:22:54,530 --> 00:22:57,740
could use this as as a tool to compel 

598
00:22:57,740 --> 00:23:00,220
behaviors in space that would be 

599
00:23:00,220 --> 00:23:02,710
appropriate for a space faring nation 

600
00:23:02,720 --> 00:23:05,380
on . But a lot of those behaviors air 

601
00:23:05,380 --> 00:23:07,436
already enshrined in the outer space 

602
00:23:07,436 --> 00:23:09,870
treaty , for example , on dare there 

603
00:23:09,880 --> 00:23:12,110
agreed to with conventions like the 

604
00:23:12,110 --> 00:23:13,760
liability Convention and the 

605
00:23:13,760 --> 00:23:17,310
Registration Convention . Um and and 

606
00:23:17,320 --> 00:23:19,950
and but not all , not all international 

607
00:23:19,950 --> 00:23:22,890
players are as good adhering to those 

608
00:23:22,900 --> 00:23:26,010
agreements , um , as as as we would 

609
00:23:26,010 --> 00:23:28,232
like them to be . So look , if you want 

610
00:23:28,232 --> 00:23:30,399
to be with us when we go to the moon , 

611
00:23:30,399 --> 00:23:32,566
if you wanna be with us on the Artemus 

612
00:23:32,566 --> 00:23:34,732
program , we want you with us . But we 

613
00:23:34,732 --> 00:23:36,843
also need you to agree to basic norms 

614
00:23:36,843 --> 00:23:39,200
of behavior . And those basic norms of 

615
00:23:39,200 --> 00:23:41,130
behavior are ultimately what will 

616
00:23:41,130 --> 00:23:44,770
preserve space for humanity to continue 

617
00:23:44,770 --> 00:23:47,370
doing the exploration and development 

618
00:23:47,380 --> 00:23:49,102
and the building of commercial 

619
00:23:49,102 --> 00:23:52,800
capabilities . Um , so So I think we 

620
00:23:52,800 --> 00:23:56,190
play really on that diplomatic side on , 

621
00:23:56,200 --> 00:23:58,422
uh , on . I know , and I'll let General 

622
00:23:58,422 --> 00:24:00,533
Raymond talk about it , but I know he 

623
00:24:00,533 --> 00:24:03,530
eyes working with partnering with , you 

624
00:24:03,530 --> 00:24:06,790
know , national security institutions 

625
00:24:06,790 --> 00:24:08,734
around the globe to make sure that 

626
00:24:08,734 --> 00:24:10,512
space is secure on the national 

627
00:24:10,512 --> 00:24:12,620
security front as well . So I think 

628
00:24:12,620 --> 00:24:14,953
it's , I think we need all of the above . 

629
00:24:14,953 --> 00:24:17,064
And of course , I think there's gonna 

630
00:24:17,064 --> 00:24:19,120
be eventually emerging between , you 

631
00:24:19,120 --> 00:24:21,300
know , between what NASA is doing on 

632
00:24:21,300 --> 00:24:23,467
the civil space side with space forces 

633
00:24:23,467 --> 00:24:25,411
doing like , what are the norms of 

634
00:24:25,411 --> 00:24:27,578
behavior that that all nations need to 

635
00:24:27,578 --> 00:24:29,744
abide by in order for us to be able to 

636
00:24:29,744 --> 00:24:31,633
sustain space for the long term ? 

637
00:24:31,633 --> 00:24:33,856
General Raymond , I'll let you answer . 

638
00:24:33,856 --> 00:24:36,860
I First of all , I agree with 

639
00:24:36,870 --> 00:24:39,030
everything he said . Uh , I guess I 

640
00:24:39,030 --> 00:24:41,141
would listen to the question . I hear 

641
00:24:41,141 --> 00:24:43,308
the question joined up to all of my my 

642
00:24:43,308 --> 00:24:45,086
view is the deconfliction parts 

643
00:24:45,086 --> 00:24:47,252
relatively easy . It's that , you know 

644
00:24:47,252 --> 00:24:49,419
there's a there's two distinct mission 

645
00:24:49,419 --> 00:24:51,530
sets and so you really don't have toe 

646
00:24:51,530 --> 00:24:53,400
work all that hard to deconflict 

647
00:24:53,410 --> 00:24:56,640
activities . I think the inverse of 

648
00:24:56,640 --> 00:24:58,640
that question is where we're really 

649
00:24:58,640 --> 00:25:00,640
focused on , uh , with two distinct 

650
00:25:00,640 --> 00:25:02,807
missionaries were to collaborate . And 

651
00:25:02,807 --> 00:25:05,920
I think what we have come to understand 

652
00:25:05,920 --> 00:25:09,280
over the course of decades is that 

653
00:25:09,280 --> 00:25:11,502
there's way more areas to collaborate . 

654
00:25:11,502 --> 00:25:13,502
Uh , then there are areas where you 

655
00:25:13,502 --> 00:25:16,310
have to deconflict and , you know , I 

656
00:25:16,320 --> 00:25:18,653
think norms of behavior is one of those . 

657
00:25:18,653 --> 00:25:22,140
We shared the same the same goal of the 

658
00:25:22,140 --> 00:25:25,130
having norms of behavior . Thio drive 

659
00:25:25,140 --> 00:25:27,307
safe from professional behavior in the 

660
00:25:27,307 --> 00:25:29,584
space domain . We're working that very , 

661
00:25:29,584 --> 00:25:31,918
very closely with partners partnerships . 

662
00:25:31,918 --> 00:25:30,940
Probably one of the things I'm most 

663
00:25:30,940 --> 00:25:34,120
proud of in the first , uh , nine 

664
00:25:34,120 --> 00:25:36,120
months of the existence of US Space 

665
00:25:36,120 --> 00:25:39,190
Force is just how far we have come on 

666
00:25:39,190 --> 00:25:42,000
developing partnerships with our what 

667
00:25:42,000 --> 00:25:44,200
they're are like partners and and you 

668
00:25:44,200 --> 00:25:45,922
know , the robust space domain 

669
00:25:45,922 --> 00:25:47,978
awareness sharing agreements that we 

670
00:25:47,978 --> 00:25:50,089
have . In the case of NASA , it's way 

671
00:25:50,089 --> 00:25:52,422
more than just sharing data . As I said , 

672
00:25:52,422 --> 00:25:54,644
we sit on the floor together way do the 

673
00:25:54,644 --> 00:25:56,533
analytical work together . It's a 

674
00:25:56,533 --> 00:25:58,533
partnership that is really , really 

675
00:25:58,533 --> 00:26:00,700
tight to make sure that we can protect 

676
00:26:00,700 --> 00:26:02,811
that most valuable asset of the ISS . 

677
00:26:02,811 --> 00:26:05,050
And so again , I would say that the 

678
00:26:05,050 --> 00:26:07,820
Deconfliction , uh , isn't that hard 

679
00:26:07,830 --> 00:26:10,108
because it's two distinct mission sets . 

680
00:26:10,108 --> 00:26:12,310
Uh , but , you know , if you look at R 

681
00:26:12,310 --> 00:26:14,580
and D and technology , roadmaps and S 

682
00:26:14,580 --> 00:26:16,920
and T and partnerships and the need to 

683
00:26:16,920 --> 00:26:19,142
understand what's going on the domain , 

684
00:26:19,142 --> 00:26:21,309
the need for norms of behavior to keep 

685
00:26:21,309 --> 00:26:23,420
the domain safe for all , there is so 

686
00:26:23,420 --> 00:26:25,420
much there , that's right . For for 

687
00:26:25,420 --> 00:26:25,180
collaboration , that would be a benefit 

688
00:26:25,180 --> 00:26:27,180
for both organizations . And that's 

689
00:26:27,180 --> 00:26:29,236
really what this MoU is focused on . 

690
00:26:29,236 --> 00:26:31,069
Very good , thank you both . Now 

691
00:26:31,069 --> 00:26:33,180
related issue involves responsibility 

692
00:26:33,180 --> 00:26:35,930
for dealing with the outer space treaty 

693
00:26:35,940 --> 00:26:38,990
like the administrator mentioned . Um , 

694
00:26:39,000 --> 00:26:41,167
for those of you who not that familiar 

695
00:26:41,167 --> 00:26:43,440
with the treaty bottom line is it makes 

696
00:26:43,440 --> 00:26:46,430
countries responsible for their actions 

697
00:26:46,430 --> 00:26:48,486
in space , and it prohibits national 

698
00:26:48,486 --> 00:26:52,140
appropriation of areas in space . So is 

699
00:26:52,140 --> 00:26:54,196
there a shared role between NASA and 

700
00:26:54,196 --> 00:26:56,084
the space force and holding other 

701
00:26:56,084 --> 00:26:58,650
players and space accountable ? Uh , 

702
00:26:58,660 --> 00:27:02,220
administrator ? You mentioned the point 

703
00:27:02,220 --> 00:27:05,430
on attribution General Raymond , are 

704
00:27:05,430 --> 00:27:08,720
you responsible for attribution of , uh , 

705
00:27:08,730 --> 00:27:12,290
other nation or other players might not 

706
00:27:12,300 --> 00:27:15,820
recognize whether they're a nation are 

707
00:27:15,830 --> 00:27:19,170
commercial or a subversive organization , 

708
00:27:19,180 --> 00:27:21,460
but who is responsible for maintaining 

709
00:27:21,740 --> 00:27:23,880
the security of national and allied 

710
00:27:23,880 --> 00:27:26,040
assets and space ? And how did both 

711
00:27:26,040 --> 00:27:29,490
your organization's sure that out ? If 

712
00:27:29,490 --> 00:27:32,120
you don't mind , Mr Bronson , I'll jump 

713
00:27:32,120 --> 00:27:34,720
interest here and then , uh , eso First 

714
00:27:34,720 --> 00:27:37,040
of all , uh , the answer , your 

715
00:27:37,040 --> 00:27:39,096
question . Who is responsible for on 

716
00:27:39,096 --> 00:27:41,151
the on securing that domain ? That's 

717
00:27:41,151 --> 00:27:42,929
the United States Space Command 

718
00:27:42,929 --> 00:27:44,818
commander that it's signed in the 

719
00:27:44,818 --> 00:27:46,540
unified command planned by the 

720
00:27:46,540 --> 00:27:46,380
president , says , here are the 

721
00:27:46,380 --> 00:27:48,602
missions that air that are set for that 

722
00:27:48,602 --> 00:27:50,769
command . Up until a few weeks ago , I 

723
00:27:50,769 --> 00:27:52,936
was both the space force chief and the 

724
00:27:52,936 --> 00:27:55,269
U . S . Space Command commander . Today , 

725
00:27:55,269 --> 00:27:55,220
those are two different people on the 

726
00:27:55,220 --> 00:27:57,130
Space Force Chief and General Jim 

727
00:27:57,130 --> 00:27:59,600
Dickinson , uh , eyes the commander of 

728
00:27:59,600 --> 00:28:01,711
U S based Grand . So he's responsible 

729
00:28:01,711 --> 00:28:03,656
for that . My job is to organize , 

730
00:28:03,656 --> 00:28:05,822
train and equip how to provide him the 

731
00:28:05,822 --> 00:28:07,878
capabilities to be able thio conduct 

732
00:28:07,878 --> 00:28:09,970
that mission . I think Mr Brownstein 

733
00:28:09,970 --> 00:28:12,660
would and I would both again , e don't 

734
00:28:12,660 --> 00:28:14,827
want to speak to him , but I guarantee 

735
00:28:14,827 --> 00:28:17,250
you He will say that , uh , we both , 

736
00:28:17,260 --> 00:28:19,371
uh , wanna live up to the outer space 

737
00:28:19,371 --> 00:28:22,580
treaty . Uh , from my perspective , if 

738
00:28:22,580 --> 00:28:24,691
you look at what's in the outer space 

739
00:28:24,691 --> 00:28:26,747
treaty is not all that limiting . It 

740
00:28:26,747 --> 00:28:28,913
says you won't put a nuclear weapon in 

741
00:28:28,913 --> 00:28:30,969
space . And And you , uh , you won't 

742
00:28:30,969 --> 00:28:33,410
use the moon , you know , for military 

743
00:28:33,410 --> 00:28:35,466
operations , if you will , And other 

744
00:28:35,466 --> 00:28:37,577
celestial bodies short of that is the 

745
00:28:37,577 --> 00:28:39,743
wild , Wild West . And so I do believe 

746
00:28:39,743 --> 00:28:41,854
that there is common interest between 

747
00:28:41,854 --> 00:28:43,688
both NASA and the space force to 

748
00:28:43,688 --> 00:28:45,743
develop norms of behavior . Now that 

749
00:28:45,743 --> 00:28:47,910
might be different because there's the 

750
00:28:47,910 --> 00:28:50,021
sink mission sets . But as we is , we 

751
00:28:50,021 --> 00:28:52,188
work those with our partners , some of 

752
00:28:52,188 --> 00:28:54,354
those being the same partners . And if 

753
00:28:54,354 --> 00:28:53,630
you look at what if you look at some of 

754
00:28:53,630 --> 00:28:55,686
the folks that we're partnering with 

755
00:28:55,686 --> 00:28:57,630
that are very early in their space 

756
00:28:57,630 --> 00:28:59,852
programs , the space programs that they 

757
00:28:59,852 --> 00:29:02,074
have are more of a NASA equivalent than 

758
00:29:02,074 --> 00:29:04,241
a military equipment . And so I really 

759
00:29:04,241 --> 00:29:03,760
believe there's some synergies there 

760
00:29:03,760 --> 00:29:06,110
that is NASA develops , uh , their 

761
00:29:06,120 --> 00:29:08,760
thoughts on norms of behavior for the 

762
00:29:08,760 --> 00:29:11,290
Artemus program . Uh , and as we 

763
00:29:11,290 --> 00:29:14,080
develop , uh , working very closely 

764
00:29:14,080 --> 00:29:16,620
with our partners where we wanna go to 

765
00:29:16,620 --> 00:29:18,509
with normal behavior for national 

766
00:29:18,509 --> 00:29:20,231
security space that there's an 

767
00:29:20,231 --> 00:29:22,453
intersection there that that would be a 

768
00:29:22,453 --> 00:29:24,676
value toe share . Uh , discuss back and 

769
00:29:24,676 --> 00:29:26,898
forth between the two organizations and 

770
00:29:26,898 --> 00:29:26,500
congressman or administrator back over 

771
00:29:26,500 --> 00:29:30,310
Thio . That happens all the time . Okay , 

772
00:29:30,310 --> 00:29:33,760
so I think I'm in full agreement with 

773
00:29:33,840 --> 00:29:36,270
with what General Raymond said , I 

774
00:29:36,270 --> 00:29:38,910
think we're both very committed to the 

775
00:29:38,910 --> 00:29:41,080
Outer Space Treaty and and adhering to 

776
00:29:41,080 --> 00:29:42,969
the principles of the outer space 

777
00:29:42,969 --> 00:29:44,858
treaty . Um , there's a couple of 

778
00:29:44,858 --> 00:29:46,913
things where I think NASA , um could 

779
00:29:46,913 --> 00:29:49,060
Could be , uh , maybe more forward 

780
00:29:49,060 --> 00:29:52,040
leaning . And that is , um , you know , 

781
00:29:52,040 --> 00:29:53,984
when you think about the liability 

782
00:29:53,984 --> 00:29:56,151
convention of the outer space treaty , 

783
00:29:56,151 --> 00:29:58,318
um , it's it's really been It's really 

784
00:29:58,318 --> 00:30:00,318
been tested . Once there was , ah , 

785
00:30:00,318 --> 00:30:02,207
satellite that re entered and hit 

786
00:30:02,207 --> 00:30:04,670
Canada , and there was some some some 

787
00:30:04,680 --> 00:30:07,520
damages paid from one country to the 

788
00:30:07,520 --> 00:30:09,687
other . That's the only , and that was 

789
00:30:09,687 --> 00:30:12,890
decades and decades ago . Um , the 

790
00:30:12,900 --> 00:30:16,140
question is , um , today we're seeing , 

791
00:30:16,150 --> 00:30:19,160
we're seeing , you know , satellites 

792
00:30:19,160 --> 00:30:21,493
break apart and we're seeing , you know , 

793
00:30:21,493 --> 00:30:25,040
things get jammed , um , and and and 

794
00:30:25,050 --> 00:30:27,580
And the question is , can can we test 

795
00:30:27,580 --> 00:30:30,130
the Liability convention convention in 

796
00:30:30,130 --> 00:30:32,860
a more robust way . Because the outer 

797
00:30:32,860 --> 00:30:35,390
space treaty is not just , you know , 

798
00:30:35,400 --> 00:30:37,640
for fun and games , it's it's intended 

799
00:30:37,650 --> 00:30:40,110
toe actually modify behavior in space . 

800
00:30:40,120 --> 00:30:42,060
And if if we're not testing the 

801
00:30:42,060 --> 00:30:44,282
liability convention , then it's really 

802
00:30:44,282 --> 00:30:46,393
not worth the paper that it's written 

803
00:30:46,393 --> 00:30:48,504
on , Um , s So I think we need that . 

804
00:30:48,504 --> 00:30:50,338
We need to be maybe more forward 

805
00:30:50,338 --> 00:30:53,000
leaning on on ensuring that the Outer 

806
00:30:53,000 --> 00:30:55,510
Space Treaty is adhered to . It's also 

807
00:30:55,510 --> 00:30:58,080
true . You know what you think ? Just a 

808
00:30:58,090 --> 00:31:00,700
two or three weeks ago , we announced 

809
00:31:00,700 --> 00:31:03,440
that we're gonna actually by lunar 

810
00:31:03,440 --> 00:31:06,300
regular NASA is going to procure 

811
00:31:06,310 --> 00:31:09,530
commercially , um , some lunar soil , 

812
00:31:09,540 --> 00:31:11,800
if you will . So we're sending . We're 

813
00:31:11,800 --> 00:31:13,911
sending what we call commercial lunar 

814
00:31:13,911 --> 00:31:17,370
payload services clips to the moon . We 

815
00:31:17,370 --> 00:31:19,420
want to go to the moon with small 

816
00:31:19,420 --> 00:31:21,550
instruments on . We're gonna buy some 

817
00:31:21,550 --> 00:31:24,160
lunar soil . It is absolutely true that 

818
00:31:24,160 --> 00:31:26,104
under the Outer Space Treaty , you 

819
00:31:26,104 --> 00:31:27,882
cannot appropriate the moon for 

820
00:31:27,882 --> 00:31:29,882
national sovereignty . And we don't 

821
00:31:29,882 --> 00:31:31,716
want to appropriate the moon for 

822
00:31:31,716 --> 00:31:33,660
national sovereignty . But we also 

823
00:31:33,660 --> 00:31:36,350
believe that when we think about you 

824
00:31:36,350 --> 00:31:38,350
know , you know how we operate over 

825
00:31:38,350 --> 00:31:40,406
international waters . For example , 

826
00:31:40,406 --> 00:31:42,239
I'm a Navy pilot by trade how we 

827
00:31:42,239 --> 00:31:44,517
operate over international waters . Um , 

828
00:31:44,517 --> 00:31:46,770
we operate due regard . Um , you don't 

829
00:31:46,780 --> 00:31:49,830
own the air space in which you fly . 

830
00:31:49,840 --> 00:31:52,330
And when you think about how we operate 

831
00:31:52,340 --> 00:31:54,507
international waters to extract tuna , 

832
00:31:54,507 --> 00:31:57,640
for example , or to extract energy oil . 

833
00:31:57,650 --> 00:32:00,500
Um , just because you extract tuna from 

834
00:32:00,500 --> 00:32:02,722
the ocean doesn't mean that you own the 

835
00:32:02,722 --> 00:32:04,778
ocean . Just because you extract oil 

836
00:32:04,778 --> 00:32:07,000
from the ocean doesn't mean you own the 

837
00:32:07,000 --> 00:32:09,450
ocean . You operate over international 

838
00:32:09,450 --> 00:32:11,561
in international airspace and and and 

839
00:32:11,561 --> 00:32:13,670
on international waters due regard . 

840
00:32:13,680 --> 00:32:15,730
And I think that same policy should 

841
00:32:15,730 --> 00:32:17,800
apply on the moon just because you 

842
00:32:17,800 --> 00:32:20,022
extract a resource from the moon . What 

843
00:32:20,022 --> 00:32:22,189
we're interested in is the water ice . 

844
00:32:22,189 --> 00:32:24,300
We have found hundreds of millions of 

845
00:32:24,300 --> 00:32:26,522
tons of water . Ice water , ice is life 

846
00:32:26,522 --> 00:32:28,522
support , its air to breathe . It's 

847
00:32:28,522 --> 00:32:30,633
water to drink . It's also hydrogen . 

848
00:32:30,633 --> 00:32:32,578
Hydrogen , of course , is the same 

849
00:32:32,578 --> 00:32:32,270
rocket feel that powered the space 

850
00:32:32,270 --> 00:32:34,590
shuttles and willpower . SLS . It's the 

851
00:32:34,590 --> 00:32:36,701
most . It's it's hundreds of millions 

852
00:32:36,701 --> 00:32:38,757
of tons of hydrogen on the surface , 

853
00:32:38,757 --> 00:32:41,250
The moon . Let's use it , Um , but the 

854
00:32:41,250 --> 00:32:43,361
utilization of a resource on the moon 

855
00:32:43,361 --> 00:32:45,250
is not the same thing as national 

856
00:32:45,250 --> 00:32:47,250
appropriation . In fact , we've got 

857
00:32:47,440 --> 00:32:49,496
many years of law and precedent that 

858
00:32:49,496 --> 00:32:51,384
would indicate that you can use a 

859
00:32:51,384 --> 00:32:53,607
resource and not appropriate . You know 

860
00:32:53,607 --> 00:32:55,940
that territory for national sovereignty . 

861
00:32:55,940 --> 00:32:57,884
So when we look at the Outer Space 

862
00:32:57,884 --> 00:33:00,051
Treaty , I think it's important for us 

863
00:33:00,051 --> 00:33:02,320
to , um , to make sure that it is being 

864
00:33:02,320 --> 00:33:04,500
defined appropriately . And it's also 

865
00:33:04,500 --> 00:33:06,611
true that in this particular case , I 

866
00:33:06,611 --> 00:33:08,778
was in the House of Representatives in 

867
00:33:08,778 --> 00:33:11,930
2015 when we passed the American the 

868
00:33:11,940 --> 00:33:14,162
Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness 

869
00:33:14,162 --> 00:33:16,950
Act . Um , and in that we actually put 

870
00:33:16,950 --> 00:33:19,640
in the bill we defined , um , how the 

871
00:33:19,640 --> 00:33:21,862
United States of America will interpret 

872
00:33:21,862 --> 00:33:24,070
the outer space treaty to include that 

873
00:33:24,070 --> 00:33:26,181
we can extract . Resource is from the 

874
00:33:26,181 --> 00:33:27,959
surface of the moon , and those 

875
00:33:27,959 --> 00:33:30,014
resource is can ultimately be sold , 

876
00:33:30,014 --> 00:33:32,237
you know , and and purchased by private 

877
00:33:32,237 --> 00:33:34,990
entities and people , Um , and and and 

878
00:33:34,990 --> 00:33:37,101
And by the way , that was That passed 

879
00:33:37,101 --> 00:33:38,934
the House with strong bipartisan 

880
00:33:38,934 --> 00:33:40,934
support . It passed the Senate with 

881
00:33:40,934 --> 00:33:43,101
strong bipartisan support , and it got 

882
00:33:43,101 --> 00:33:45,323
signed into law by President Obama back 

883
00:33:45,323 --> 00:33:47,268
in 2015 . So I think we're on very 

884
00:33:47,268 --> 00:33:49,580
solid ground there , but I do think it 

885
00:33:49,580 --> 00:33:52,190
is important for NASA as an institution , 

886
00:33:52,200 --> 00:33:55,240
um , to to make sure that we are 100% 

887
00:33:55,240 --> 00:33:57,184
in compliance with the outer space 

888
00:33:57,184 --> 00:33:59,240
treaty . But is General Raymond said 

889
00:33:59,240 --> 00:34:02,240
it's pretty vague in so many areas . So 

890
00:34:02,250 --> 00:34:04,690
if we don't define it , somebody else 

891
00:34:04,690 --> 00:34:06,746
will , and their interests might not 

892
00:34:06,746 --> 00:34:08,857
align with our . So we've got to make 

893
00:34:08,857 --> 00:34:11,280
sure that we're very active in defining . 

894
00:34:11,290 --> 00:34:13,520
You know , some of those provisions in 

895
00:34:13,520 --> 00:34:16,700
the outer space treaty . Thanks very 

896
00:34:16,700 --> 00:34:19,760
much , Joe . Raymond , what are some of 

897
00:34:19,760 --> 00:34:21,890
the Space Force mission requirements 

898
00:34:21,900 --> 00:34:25,540
above Geo and CIS lunar space ? Um , as 

899
00:34:25,540 --> 00:34:27,180
distinct from NASA's mission 

900
00:34:27,180 --> 00:34:30,100
requirements . Um And how well are you 

901
00:34:30,110 --> 00:34:32,130
and NASA working together on the 

902
00:34:32,140 --> 00:34:34,570
technical challenges of operating above 

903
00:34:34,570 --> 00:34:37,880
geo ? Uh , such as navigation , 

904
00:34:37,880 --> 00:34:40,213
communications , and so on and so forth . 

905
00:34:40,640 --> 00:34:43,250
And so again , as I mentioned a little 

906
00:34:43,250 --> 00:34:45,780
bit earlier , you know that our mission 

907
00:34:45,780 --> 00:34:47,836
is to organize train equip , provide 

908
00:34:47,836 --> 00:34:49,836
capabilities to U . S Space Command 

909
00:34:49,836 --> 00:34:52,002
operate . If you look at the a o . R . 

910
00:34:52,002 --> 00:34:54,113
That U S Space Command has to operate 

911
00:34:54,113 --> 00:34:56,113
in it is a It's a very vast a r . I 

912
00:34:56,113 --> 00:34:58,002
mean , 100 kilometers above their 

913
00:34:58,002 --> 00:34:59,891
surface and higher , it goes well 

914
00:34:59,891 --> 00:35:02,050
beyond geosynchronous orbit . And so 

915
00:35:02,050 --> 00:35:04,860
obviously , we're looking to , uh , 

916
00:35:04,870 --> 00:35:08,020
looking beyond those orbits to be able 

917
00:35:08,020 --> 00:35:10,187
to conduct the national security space 

918
00:35:10,187 --> 00:35:12,020
mission that we're gonna that US 

919
00:35:12,020 --> 00:35:14,131
Baseman's gonna have to conduct . And 

920
00:35:14,131 --> 00:35:16,298
so areas that we are focusing on , for 

921
00:35:16,298 --> 00:35:18,242
example , as an example , would be 

922
00:35:18,242 --> 00:35:20,187
based domain awareness . And we're 

923
00:35:20,187 --> 00:35:22,360
working close partnership with NASA to 

924
00:35:22,360 --> 00:35:24,527
develop the domain awareness necessary 

925
00:35:24,527 --> 00:35:26,760
to support their efforts and also 

926
00:35:26,760 --> 00:35:29,030
support our national security efforts 

927
00:35:29,040 --> 00:35:31,420
going forward . And so IT 

928
00:35:31,420 --> 00:35:33,587
communications . You talked about that 

929
00:35:33,587 --> 00:35:35,620
as well . And and we we have some 

930
00:35:35,620 --> 00:35:38,230
really strong technology roadmaps and 

931
00:35:38,230 --> 00:35:40,640
partnerships , uh , that are that are 

932
00:35:40,640 --> 00:35:43,140
developing and that are being further 

933
00:35:43,140 --> 00:35:45,196
integrated to show that intersection 

934
00:35:45,196 --> 00:35:47,370
where , as NASA goes out to the moon , 

935
00:35:47,370 --> 00:35:49,481
for example , that we can collaborate 

936
00:35:49,481 --> 00:35:51,648
with on areas that would be beneficial 

937
00:35:51,648 --> 00:35:53,870
for our national security space mission 

938
00:35:53,870 --> 00:35:56,037
again . Two distinct missions . But we 

939
00:35:56,037 --> 00:35:58,259
we rely on similar things gotta be able 

940
00:35:58,259 --> 00:36:00,481
to communicate . You have to understand 

941
00:36:00,481 --> 00:36:02,648
what's going on in the domain around . 

942
00:36:02,648 --> 00:36:02,360
You have to be able to navigate 

943
00:36:02,370 --> 00:36:04,830
precision navigation and timing on dso 

944
00:36:04,830 --> 00:36:08,070
all of those things out beyond what 

945
00:36:08,080 --> 00:36:10,358
what we have traditionally operated in , 

946
00:36:10,358 --> 00:36:12,636
which is geosynchronous orbit on below . 

947
00:36:12,636 --> 00:36:15,230
If you will . Now , Now we're expanded . 

948
00:36:15,240 --> 00:36:18,400
And that expansion again is is 

949
00:36:18,670 --> 00:36:20,670
enabled by a close partnership with 

950
00:36:20,670 --> 00:36:24,400
NASA . Excellent . Another interesting 

951
00:36:24,400 --> 00:36:27,120
topic of one that people , uh , it was 

952
00:36:27,120 --> 00:36:29,410
coming back into the into the news . 

953
00:36:29,410 --> 00:36:31,632
And that's the subject of nuclear power 

954
00:36:31,632 --> 00:36:33,799
used for space applications . They can 

955
00:36:33,799 --> 00:36:35,743
certainly bring out passing in the 

956
00:36:35,743 --> 00:36:38,670
discussion of both the pros and cons on 

957
00:36:38,670 --> 00:36:41,200
as an aside , So you might get a 

958
00:36:41,200 --> 00:36:43,510
chuckle out of this . I actually did my 

959
00:36:43,510 --> 00:36:45,530
sixth grade science fair project on 

960
00:36:45,530 --> 00:36:47,586
nuclear space propulsion back in the 

961
00:36:47,586 --> 00:36:50,140
early sixties . Wow . That's that's an 

962
00:36:50,140 --> 00:36:52,251
impressive sixth grader right there . 

963
00:36:52,251 --> 00:36:54,473
Yeah , well , I My dad had a little bit 

964
00:36:54,473 --> 00:36:56,473
of influence on me , but I actually 

965
00:36:56,473 --> 00:36:59,580
remember pretty vividly , uh , some of 

966
00:36:59,580 --> 00:37:03,020
the designs of the spacecraft and , uh , 

967
00:37:03,030 --> 00:37:06,430
ionization and so on and so forth , but 

968
00:37:06,440 --> 00:37:09,540
I won't bore you with the details , but 

969
00:37:09,540 --> 00:37:13,430
I'm a fan on , uh , administrator bride 

970
00:37:13,430 --> 00:37:15,652
Einstein . You see , nuclear propulsion 

971
00:37:15,652 --> 00:37:18,100
is having extraordinary value . You've 

972
00:37:18,100 --> 00:37:21,800
described it a zoo , almost a must do 

973
00:37:21,810 --> 00:37:23,830
eso Could you care with us ? NASA's 

974
00:37:23,830 --> 00:37:25,997
thinking about the future of its space 

975
00:37:25,997 --> 00:37:28,270
applications and how we can help ah 

976
00:37:28,270 --> 00:37:30,650
skeptical public understand how we can 

977
00:37:30,650 --> 00:37:32,900
safely integrate nuclear propulsion 

978
00:37:32,900 --> 00:37:35,420
into both NASA and military space 

979
00:37:35,420 --> 00:37:38,370
programs ? Absolutely . And I think 

980
00:37:38,370 --> 00:37:40,540
General Raymond and I will both agree 

981
00:37:40,540 --> 00:37:44,170
wholeheartedly that in no , in no way 

982
00:37:44,530 --> 00:37:46,697
would we ever consider putting weapons 

983
00:37:46,697 --> 00:37:48,919
of mass destruction in space , which is 

984
00:37:48,919 --> 00:37:51,030
fundamentally prohibited by the outer 

985
00:37:51,030 --> 00:37:53,197
space treaty . So I want to be clear . 

986
00:37:53,197 --> 00:37:55,363
That is , that is not what what . This 

987
00:37:55,363 --> 00:37:57,740
is what we're interested in doing . If 

988
00:37:57,740 --> 00:37:59,573
you look at traditional chemical 

989
00:37:59,573 --> 00:38:01,796
rockets , when we go to Mars , which we 

990
00:38:01,796 --> 00:38:03,962
are going to Mars when we go to Mars , 

991
00:38:03,962 --> 00:38:05,907
it's a It's basically a nine month 

992
00:38:05,907 --> 00:38:08,018
journey to get to Mars when Earth and 

993
00:38:08,018 --> 00:38:10,330
Mars are aligned on the same side of 

994
00:38:10,330 --> 00:38:12,497
the sun , and then and then after that 

995
00:38:12,497 --> 00:38:14,441
you're there . You're no longer in 

996
00:38:14,441 --> 00:38:16,441
alignment , which means you have to 

997
00:38:16,441 --> 00:38:18,774
wait two years before you can come home , 

998
00:38:18,774 --> 00:38:20,941
because that's the next time Earth and 

999
00:38:20,941 --> 00:38:22,997
Mars will be on the same side of the 

1000
00:38:22,997 --> 00:38:24,886
sun . So that's a that's a lot of 

1001
00:38:24,886 --> 00:38:26,997
radiation exposure . I mean , lots of 

1002
00:38:26,997 --> 00:38:28,997
radiation exposure and and could be 

1003
00:38:28,997 --> 00:38:31,219
very damaging for the human system . So 

1004
00:38:31,219 --> 00:38:33,441
what we have to do is we have to figure 

1005
00:38:33,441 --> 00:38:35,608
out how to get there faster . Um , and 

1006
00:38:35,608 --> 00:38:37,719
there's ways to do that in those ways 

1007
00:38:37,719 --> 00:38:39,886
include using propulsion . So first of 

1008
00:38:39,886 --> 00:38:41,941
all , there's there's nuclear , um , 

1009
00:38:41,941 --> 00:38:44,052
nuclear thermal propulsion , which is 

1010
00:38:44,052 --> 00:38:46,140
basically heating up . Hydrogen 

1011
00:38:46,150 --> 00:38:49,210
propulsion has never changed . Um , 

1012
00:38:49,220 --> 00:38:51,220
it's it's basically the same . It's 

1013
00:38:51,220 --> 00:38:53,387
force equals mass times acceleration . 

1014
00:38:53,387 --> 00:38:55,331
So you take a you know , a mass of 

1015
00:38:55,331 --> 00:38:57,553
something , and you accelerated out the 

1016
00:38:57,553 --> 00:38:59,720
back of a rocket on demand . It shoots 

1017
00:38:59,720 --> 00:39:01,553
to the other direction . So it's 

1018
00:39:01,553 --> 00:39:03,776
basically Newton's laws of motion . For 

1019
00:39:03,776 --> 00:39:05,776
every action , there's an equal and 

1020
00:39:05,776 --> 00:39:07,831
opposite reaction , and force equals 

1021
00:39:07,831 --> 00:39:09,942
mass times acceleration . So Newton's 

1022
00:39:09,942 --> 00:39:11,998
laws of motion apply today , as they 

1023
00:39:11,998 --> 00:39:14,109
did you know in the 19 fifties . What 

1024
00:39:14,109 --> 00:39:16,220
what we can do today , though , is we 

1025
00:39:16,220 --> 00:39:18,164
can get . We can get more speed by 

1026
00:39:18,164 --> 00:39:19,942
using nuclear power to heat the 

1027
00:39:19,942 --> 00:39:22,053
hydrogen and accelerated out the back 

1028
00:39:22,053 --> 00:39:24,380
of a rocket . Now there were limited as 

1029
00:39:24,380 --> 00:39:26,380
far as nuclear propulsion , nuclear 

1030
00:39:26,380 --> 00:39:29,620
thermal propulsion goes because all of 

1031
00:39:29,620 --> 00:39:32,320
that all of that that chemical still 

1032
00:39:32,320 --> 00:39:34,570
comes in contact with with the skin of 

1033
00:39:34,570 --> 00:39:36,730
the rocket , which , um , there's 

1034
00:39:36,730 --> 00:39:38,786
there's a limitation from a material 

1035
00:39:38,786 --> 00:39:40,952
science perspective on how much thrust 

1036
00:39:40,952 --> 00:39:43,119
you can get from nuclear thermal using 

1037
00:39:43,119 --> 00:39:46,050
hydrogen . However , if you talk about 

1038
00:39:46,050 --> 00:39:48,700
nuclear electric , you know , I know 

1039
00:39:48,700 --> 00:39:50,680
the space force has has been using 

1040
00:39:50,680 --> 00:39:52,791
nuclear electric propulsion for , you 

1041
00:39:52,791 --> 00:39:55,013
know , for , you know , the position of 

1042
00:39:55,013 --> 00:39:56,902
satellites . For example , we are 

1043
00:39:56,902 --> 00:39:59,124
developing scaled up , nuclear or not , 

1044
00:39:59,124 --> 00:40:01,400
Nuclear . Solar electric , I should say 

1045
00:40:01,400 --> 00:40:03,980
solar space forces use solar electric 

1046
00:40:03,990 --> 00:40:05,990
for commercial satellites and other 

1047
00:40:05,990 --> 00:40:08,430
things were using solar electric for 

1048
00:40:08,430 --> 00:40:10,486
the gateway . We're building a space 

1049
00:40:10,486 --> 00:40:12,597
station in orbit around the moon . We 

1050
00:40:12,597 --> 00:40:14,597
call it the gateway . It's gonna be 

1051
00:40:14,597 --> 00:40:16,541
really scaled up . Um , you know , 

1052
00:40:16,541 --> 00:40:18,430
solar electric propulsion for the 

1053
00:40:18,430 --> 00:40:20,652
purposes of maneuver around the moon so 

1054
00:40:20,652 --> 00:40:22,597
we can get to any part of the moon 

1055
00:40:22,597 --> 00:40:24,597
anytime we want . Um , but But even 

1056
00:40:24,597 --> 00:40:26,819
more importantly , is how do we go from 

1057
00:40:26,819 --> 00:40:29,430
basically solar electric to nuclear 

1058
00:40:29,430 --> 00:40:31,830
electric ? So we talk about electric 

1059
00:40:31,830 --> 00:40:33,850
propulsion . We're talking about 

1060
00:40:33,860 --> 00:40:37,260
accelerating ions , accelerating 

1061
00:40:37,260 --> 00:40:40,300
subatomic charged particles . So if 

1062
00:40:40,300 --> 00:40:42,356
force equals mass times acceleration 

1063
00:40:42,356 --> 00:40:44,450
and you're accelerating subatomic 

1064
00:40:44,450 --> 00:40:46,672
charged particles , that's not a lot of 

1065
00:40:46,672 --> 00:40:48,894
mass . What does that mean ? That means 

1066
00:40:48,894 --> 00:40:51,117
you need a lot of acceleration . And so 

1067
00:40:51,117 --> 00:40:53,339
how do you get that acceleration ? What 

1068
00:40:53,339 --> 00:40:55,283
will you do that with with nuclear 

1069
00:40:55,283 --> 00:40:57,117
power and electricity ? Um , and 

1070
00:40:57,117 --> 00:40:59,172
magnetism . And when you have that , 

1071
00:40:59,172 --> 00:41:01,190
when you have the magnetism , those 

1072
00:41:01,190 --> 00:41:03,860
some atomic charged particles , um , 

1073
00:41:03,870 --> 00:41:06,037
never come in contact with the skin of 

1074
00:41:06,037 --> 00:41:07,981
the spacecraft because they can be 

1075
00:41:07,981 --> 00:41:10,920
controlled with magnets . Andi , all of 

1076
00:41:10,920 --> 00:41:13,087
that is tremendous of So we're talking 

1077
00:41:13,087 --> 00:41:15,142
about accelerating subatomic charged 

1078
00:41:15,142 --> 00:41:17,309
particles to a percentage of the speed 

1079
00:41:17,309 --> 00:41:19,253
of light . The goal here , General 

1080
00:41:19,253 --> 00:41:21,710
Deptula , is to be able to travel to 

1081
00:41:21,710 --> 00:41:24,850
Mars in a matter of months , maybe two 

1082
00:41:24,850 --> 00:41:27,340
or three months , not nine months . Uh , 

1083
00:41:27,350 --> 00:41:31,090
the and And when you're at Mars and 

1084
00:41:31,090 --> 00:41:33,257
you're not on the same side of the sun 

1085
00:41:33,257 --> 00:41:35,201
anymore , how do we come home when 

1086
00:41:35,201 --> 00:41:37,257
we're on opposite sides of the sun ? 

1087
00:41:37,257 --> 00:41:39,590
Well , you can use You can use Venus as , 

1088
00:41:39,590 --> 00:41:41,701
ah , as a gravity assist with nuclear 

1089
00:41:41,701 --> 00:41:43,534
propulsion to do what we call an 

1090
00:41:43,534 --> 00:41:46,140
opposition class return mission from 

1091
00:41:46,140 --> 00:41:48,251
Mars when you're on opposite sides of 

1092
00:41:48,251 --> 00:41:51,590
the sun . So nuclear propulsion , 

1093
00:41:51,840 --> 00:41:54,990
thermal , nuclear , electric , all of 

1094
00:41:54,990 --> 00:41:56,990
these technologies , we're going to 

1095
00:41:56,990 --> 00:41:59,101
fundamentally transform our access to 

1096
00:41:59,101 --> 00:42:01,830
our own solar system . So we absolutely 

1097
00:42:01,830 --> 00:42:05,830
need to develop it . Um and I know , 

1098
00:42:06,300 --> 00:42:08,480
but to be clear , this these these air 

1099
00:42:08,480 --> 00:42:11,510
not weapons grade materials at all and 

1100
00:42:11,520 --> 00:42:13,687
and and they couldn't even be used for 

1101
00:42:13,687 --> 00:42:15,798
weapons if you wanted them to be used 

1102
00:42:15,798 --> 00:42:18,076
for weapons . This is about propulsion , 

1103
00:42:18,076 --> 00:42:21,040
pure and simple . Um , I will also say 

1104
00:42:21,040 --> 00:42:23,040
that you know , when we go to other 

1105
00:42:23,040 --> 00:42:25,096
worlds like the moon or Mars , we're 

1106
00:42:25,096 --> 00:42:27,350
gonna need power . Lots of power . And 

1107
00:42:27,350 --> 00:42:29,510
so there's There's room for nuclear 

1108
00:42:29,510 --> 00:42:31,970
power on the surface of the moon and on 

1109
00:42:31,980 --> 00:42:34,880
and on Mars as well . But to be clear 

1110
00:42:34,890 --> 00:42:36,580
again , we're not . We're not 

1111
00:42:36,580 --> 00:42:38,469
interested in putting any kind of 

1112
00:42:38,469 --> 00:42:40,440
weapons in space . Not what ? Not 

1113
00:42:40,440 --> 00:42:42,607
weapons of mass destruction , I should 

1114
00:42:42,607 --> 00:42:44,940
say . Not that NASA does weapons at all , 

1115
00:42:44,940 --> 00:42:46,884
but three Outer Space Treaty talks 

1116
00:42:46,884 --> 00:42:49,051
about a prohibition on weapons of mass 

1117
00:42:49,051 --> 00:42:51,770
destruction in space . Fascinating 

1118
00:42:51,770 --> 00:42:53,980
insights . And I think that that will 

1119
00:42:53,980 --> 00:42:56,460
help the public understand that . You 

1120
00:42:56,460 --> 00:42:58,516
know , there's a tangible there that 

1121
00:42:58,516 --> 00:43:00,349
you talk about in the context of 

1122
00:43:00,349 --> 00:43:02,460
shortening the amount of time that it 

1123
00:43:02,460 --> 00:43:04,840
takes the transit between the Earth and 

1124
00:43:04,840 --> 00:43:06,840
Mars . So thanks very much for that 

1125
00:43:06,840 --> 00:43:08,951
insight . Andi , I'll have to go back 

1126
00:43:08,951 --> 00:43:10,951
and dust off my sixth grade science 

1127
00:43:10,951 --> 00:43:14,720
fair project . Send NASA my conclusions . 

1128
00:43:15,200 --> 00:43:18,520
Okay . NASA's Planetary Defense 

1129
00:43:18,520 --> 00:43:20,750
Coordination Office is still only a few 

1130
00:43:20,750 --> 00:43:23,250
years old , and it currently works co 

1131
00:43:23,250 --> 00:43:25,083
operatively with many government 

1132
00:43:25,083 --> 00:43:27,083
entities to mitigate the effects of 

1133
00:43:27,083 --> 00:43:29,361
potentially hazardous objects in space . 

1134
00:43:29,361 --> 00:43:31,750
Has NASA and the Space Force discussed 

1135
00:43:31,750 --> 00:43:33,917
it all ? How you all might collaborate 

1136
00:43:33,917 --> 00:43:36,028
on this mission and , you know , some 

1137
00:43:36,028 --> 00:43:37,990
have have , as might some of the 

1138
00:43:37,990 --> 00:43:41,130
mission set be shifted from , uh , NASA 

1139
00:43:41,140 --> 00:43:43,500
to the space force . General Raymond 

1140
00:43:43,500 --> 00:43:45,333
care to comment ? Eso I You know 

1141
00:43:45,333 --> 00:43:48,180
clearly that that is a NASA , you know , 

1142
00:43:48,180 --> 00:43:50,402
in those distinct missions , that's the 

1143
00:43:50,402 --> 00:43:52,930
planetary defense . Mission falls falls 

1144
00:43:52,930 --> 00:43:55,320
to NASA . But we do have capabilities 

1145
00:43:55,320 --> 00:43:57,431
that could help NASA and specifically 

1146
00:43:57,431 --> 00:43:59,542
some . Some of that I would highlight 

1147
00:43:59,542 --> 00:44:01,876
would be the the space domain awareness . 

1148
00:44:01,876 --> 00:44:03,709
You know , there , there we have 

1149
00:44:03,709 --> 00:44:05,653
optical sensors , for example that 

1150
00:44:05,653 --> 00:44:07,764
could help detect potential threats . 

1151
00:44:07,764 --> 00:44:09,431
And then we have data sharing 

1152
00:44:09,431 --> 00:44:11,487
arrangements with NASA to be able to 

1153
00:44:11,487 --> 00:44:13,487
provide that data to NASA to assist 

1154
00:44:13,487 --> 00:44:15,709
them and being ableto conduct that that 

1155
00:44:15,709 --> 00:44:18,090
that mission . So I do think there is a 

1156
00:44:18,090 --> 00:44:20,034
partnership to be had . There is a 

1157
00:44:20,034 --> 00:44:22,090
partnership that exist today . We're 

1158
00:44:22,090 --> 00:44:24,257
all about sharing any information that 

1159
00:44:24,257 --> 00:44:26,423
we can , uh , that we pick up with our 

1160
00:44:26,423 --> 00:44:28,950
sensors that with that could uses a 

1161
00:44:28,950 --> 00:44:31,850
dual purpose to help detect potential 

1162
00:44:31,860 --> 00:44:35,200
threats from , uh , bowl Lloyds , for 

1163
00:44:35,200 --> 00:44:37,533
example , and share that data with NASA . 

1164
00:44:37,533 --> 00:44:41,150
Uh , help them do their mission . Yeah , 

1165
00:44:41,150 --> 00:44:43,317
I would , I would . I would agree with 

1166
00:44:43,317 --> 00:44:46,200
that . E think one area NASA worked 

1167
00:44:46,200 --> 00:44:49,610
with the space force , um , on 

1168
00:44:49,620 --> 00:44:51,676
integrating some algorithms into the 

1169
00:44:51,676 --> 00:44:53,898
space surveillance telescope , which is 

1170
00:44:53,898 --> 00:44:56,120
it was in New Mexico . Now it's down in 

1171
00:44:56,120 --> 00:44:58,342
Australia . Um , and you know , they're 

1172
00:44:58,342 --> 00:45:00,509
they're doing space domain awareness . 

1173
00:45:00,509 --> 00:45:02,731
We're looking as General Raymond said , 

1174
00:45:02,731 --> 00:45:04,842
we're looking for bo lives that could 

1175
00:45:04,842 --> 00:45:06,731
collide with the earth . Um , and 

1176
00:45:06,731 --> 00:45:08,787
having our algorithm in their system 

1177
00:45:08,787 --> 00:45:10,787
enables us to to see things that we 

1178
00:45:10,787 --> 00:45:12,953
otherwise wouldn't be able to see . So 

1179
00:45:12,953 --> 00:45:15,120
there's collaboration there . Um , and 

1180
00:45:15,120 --> 00:45:17,342
I would also say , you know , when NASA 

1181
00:45:17,342 --> 00:45:19,398
We're going to the moon here by 2024 

1182
00:45:19,398 --> 00:45:21,509
we're gonna have humans on the moon . 

1183
00:45:21,509 --> 00:45:21,130
We're gonna have a number of 

1184
00:45:21,130 --> 00:45:23,880
experiments robotically on the moon . A 

1185
00:45:23,880 --> 00:45:27,460
tzar Leah's 2021 . Um , and in 

1186
00:45:27,460 --> 00:45:30,800
2022 2023 we've got a lot of robotics 

1187
00:45:30,800 --> 00:45:33,022
going to the moon in the coming years . 

1188
00:45:33,022 --> 00:45:35,022
Um , and I think you know , when we 

1189
00:45:35,022 --> 00:45:37,189
think about the sensors that we put on 

1190
00:45:37,189 --> 00:45:39,300
the moon with NASA is interested in . 

1191
00:45:40,090 --> 00:45:42,590
We were We are interested in buying 

1192
00:45:42,590 --> 00:45:44,590
data , which , which means we don't 

1193
00:45:44,590 --> 00:45:46,646
wanna purchase , own and operate the 

1194
00:45:46,646 --> 00:45:48,812
hardware . But we wanna buy data . The 

1195
00:45:48,812 --> 00:45:50,923
reason we wanna buy data is because , 

1196
00:45:50,923 --> 00:45:52,923
you know , if if you put an optical 

1197
00:45:52,923 --> 00:45:55,090
sensor for example on the moon , which 

1198
00:45:55,090 --> 00:45:57,201
is an extremely stable platform , you 

1199
00:45:57,201 --> 00:45:59,312
know , we can use that optical sensor 

1200
00:45:59,312 --> 00:46:01,201
to detect , you know , exoplanets 

1201
00:46:01,201 --> 00:46:03,201
around other stars because it's but 

1202
00:46:03,201 --> 00:46:06,090
such a stable platform , the moon that 

1203
00:46:06,100 --> 00:46:08,100
we can see the flicker of a star in 

1204
00:46:08,100 --> 00:46:10,267
exceptionally faint ways , Which means 

1205
00:46:10,267 --> 00:46:12,267
it the planet circles in front of a 

1206
00:46:12,267 --> 00:46:14,489
star . We can we can detect it in a way 

1207
00:46:14,489 --> 00:46:16,656
that you couldn't detect from the free 

1208
00:46:16,656 --> 00:46:18,989
flyer in space . And we can't detect it , 

1209
00:46:18,989 --> 00:46:21,330
you know , from Earth because of the 

1210
00:46:21,340 --> 00:46:23,640
atmosphere and and and other reasons . 

1211
00:46:23,650 --> 00:46:26,790
So So the moon has valuable a lot of 

1212
00:46:26,880 --> 00:46:28,936
value there , and you know , NASA is 

1213
00:46:28,936 --> 00:46:31,102
interested in buying data . The reason 

1214
00:46:31,102 --> 00:46:33,324
we wanna buy data is because then other 

1215
00:46:33,324 --> 00:46:35,324
agencies can also by the data , the 

1216
00:46:35,324 --> 00:46:37,491
Department of Energy's you know , they 

1217
00:46:37,491 --> 00:46:39,213
were interested . They made an 

1218
00:46:39,213 --> 00:46:41,380
announcement just the other day , they 

1219
00:46:41,380 --> 00:46:43,602
they're going to do an RFP to put , you 

1220
00:46:43,602 --> 00:46:45,769
know , sensors either on or around the 

1221
00:46:45,769 --> 00:46:47,713
moon . Uh , Thio better understand 

1222
00:46:47,713 --> 00:46:49,713
physics , you know , they have , ah 

1223
00:46:49,713 --> 00:46:51,602
mission to understand high energy 

1224
00:46:51,602 --> 00:46:53,936
physics , high energy particles on bond . 

1225
00:46:53,936 --> 00:46:55,991
And , of course , NASA is partnering 

1226
00:46:55,991 --> 00:46:58,158
with the Department of Energy on those 

1227
00:46:58,158 --> 00:47:00,269
kind of activities . So when we think 

1228
00:47:00,269 --> 00:47:02,380
about , you know , very low frequency 

1229
00:47:02,380 --> 00:47:04,436
radio telescopes when we think about 

1230
00:47:04,436 --> 00:47:06,380
optics on the moon , the moon is a 

1231
00:47:06,380 --> 00:47:09,720
platform for all sorts of , uh , 

1232
00:47:10,080 --> 00:47:11,780
really situational awareness 

1233
00:47:11,780 --> 00:47:14,380
capabilities to include the ability to 

1234
00:47:14,380 --> 00:47:16,580
see objects orbiting the moon we're 

1235
00:47:16,580 --> 00:47:18,691
gonna need , you know , we talk about 

1236
00:47:18,691 --> 00:47:20,691
space traffic management around the 

1237
00:47:20,691 --> 00:47:22,747
earth . If you look at all the stuff 

1238
00:47:22,747 --> 00:47:24,969
that we're sending to the moon not just 

1239
00:47:24,969 --> 00:47:26,913
the United States , but you know , 

1240
00:47:26,913 --> 00:47:29,136
Russia and China and India and Israel . 

1241
00:47:29,136 --> 00:47:31,191
All of the objects that are gonna be 

1242
00:47:31,191 --> 00:47:33,524
orbiting the moon , landing on the moon , 

1243
00:47:33,524 --> 00:47:35,747
you know , we're gonna have to do We're 

1244
00:47:35,747 --> 00:47:37,691
gonna have to do space situational 

1245
00:47:37,691 --> 00:47:39,858
awareness and space traffic management 

1246
00:47:39,858 --> 00:47:41,913
around the moon . If you can imagine 

1247
00:47:41,913 --> 00:47:44,024
that , or else it's gonna become very 

1248
00:47:44,024 --> 00:47:46,302
dangerous around the moon as Well , so , 

1249
00:47:46,302 --> 00:47:48,469
um eso we want NASA wants to be a data 

1250
00:47:48,469 --> 00:47:50,691
purchaser on Ben . And then those kinds 

1251
00:47:50,691 --> 00:47:52,970
of platforms would be available for 

1252
00:47:52,970 --> 00:47:55,192
other agencies to purchase data as well 

1253
00:47:55,192 --> 00:47:57,990
for their own purposes and and task for , 

1254
00:47:58,000 --> 00:48:00,280
you know , different mission sets . So 

1255
00:48:00,280 --> 00:48:02,502
I think I think there's I think there's 

1256
00:48:02,502 --> 00:48:04,447
room . I'm you know , I'm thinking 

1257
00:48:04,447 --> 00:48:06,669
futuristic Lee here , but I think , you 

1258
00:48:06,669 --> 00:48:08,502
know , with the various agencies 

1259
00:48:08,502 --> 00:48:10,558
responsible for deep space , I think 

1260
00:48:10,558 --> 00:48:12,558
there could be a lot of room on the 

1261
00:48:12,558 --> 00:48:14,724
moon for these kind of activities . If 

1262
00:48:14,724 --> 00:48:17,100
you look at what you know , our focus 

1263
00:48:17,100 --> 00:48:19,322
on space situational awareness , it's a 

1264
00:48:19,322 --> 00:48:21,378
big data challenge . I mean , if you 

1265
00:48:21,378 --> 00:48:23,544
look at the numbers of objects that we 

1266
00:48:23,544 --> 00:48:25,378
track today on day , hundreds of 

1267
00:48:25,378 --> 00:48:27,544
thousands of observations that we take 

1268
00:48:27,544 --> 00:48:29,656
every day to keep the domain safe for 

1269
00:48:29,656 --> 00:48:29,530
all in all those observations , we 

1270
00:48:29,530 --> 00:48:31,641
share broadly with their partners and 

1271
00:48:31,641 --> 00:48:33,697
what those have sharing agreements . 

1272
00:48:33,697 --> 00:48:35,863
It's a big data challenge . And so one 

1273
00:48:35,863 --> 00:48:37,919
of the big focus areas for the space 

1274
00:48:37,919 --> 00:48:40,086
force has been about building the data 

1275
00:48:40,086 --> 00:48:41,863
infrastructure that we can take 

1276
00:48:41,863 --> 00:48:43,863
multiple sources of data in and put 

1277
00:48:43,863 --> 00:48:45,252
them together , multiple 

1278
00:48:45,252 --> 00:48:47,540
classifications levels and then provide 

1279
00:48:47,550 --> 00:48:49,550
the analysis on top of that data to 

1280
00:48:49,550 --> 00:48:51,328
help us solve some of the tough 

1281
00:48:51,328 --> 00:48:53,550
challenges . And when you're looking at 

1282
00:48:53,550 --> 00:48:55,606
at the size of the space domain , in 

1283
00:48:55,606 --> 00:48:57,717
the volume of space that you have tow 

1284
00:48:57,717 --> 00:48:57,280
have awareness of and the speed of 

1285
00:48:57,280 --> 00:49:00,410
which those objects maneuver or orbit . 

1286
00:49:00,420 --> 00:49:02,476
Uh , it's a really tough challenge , 

1287
00:49:02,476 --> 00:49:04,960
and and we're also very focused on on 

1288
00:49:04,960 --> 00:49:07,820
being able to harness that data . Well , 

1289
00:49:07,820 --> 00:49:10,270
thank you very much to both of you for 

1290
00:49:10,270 --> 00:49:13,100
those insightful comments . We've now 

1291
00:49:13,100 --> 00:49:15,490
come to the end of this segment of our 

1292
00:49:15,500 --> 00:49:18,630
discussion on as an alert to our 

1293
00:49:18,630 --> 00:49:21,610
listeners . Our next event is next week 

1294
00:49:21,610 --> 00:49:23,777
on the Thursday the first of October , 

1295
00:49:23,777 --> 00:49:25,999
when the institute's gonna roll out our 

1296
00:49:25,999 --> 00:49:28,550
new policy paper on a treatable and or 

1297
00:49:28,550 --> 00:49:32,500
reusable unmanned aerial vehicles . Now 

1298
00:49:32,500 --> 00:49:34,667
we're now gonna open our session . The 

1299
00:49:34,667 --> 00:49:36,778
questions from the audience have been 

1300
00:49:36,778 --> 00:49:38,833
listening to our conversation , a za 

1301
00:49:38,833 --> 00:49:38,820
reminder to our listeners you can 

1302
00:49:38,820 --> 00:49:41,380
participate in the Q and A by using the 

1303
00:49:41,390 --> 00:49:43,900
res hand function on the device and 

1304
00:49:43,900 --> 00:49:46,800
please . When I call on you a mute your 

1305
00:49:46,800 --> 00:49:49,133
mic and state your name and affiliation , 

1306
00:49:49,470 --> 00:49:51,320
you can also submit questions in 

1307
00:49:51,320 --> 00:49:53,990
writing using the Q and A function on . 

1308
00:49:54,000 --> 00:49:56,860
I'm gonna kick off with one of those 

1309
00:49:56,860 --> 00:49:59,100
because we have a very good one from , 

1310
00:49:59,110 --> 00:50:01,270
uh , Joey Roulette . And it's for 

1311
00:50:01,270 --> 00:50:03,548
General Raymond , uh , General Raymond . 

1312
00:50:03,548 --> 00:50:06,070
How does the US balance its defense 

1313
00:50:06,070 --> 00:50:09,500
against Russia with NASA's interests of 

1314
00:50:09,500 --> 00:50:12,290
sustaining its relationship with Moscow 

1315
00:50:12,460 --> 00:50:15,170
on the international space station with 

1316
00:50:15,170 --> 00:50:17,190
the space force like to see Russia 

1317
00:50:17,200 --> 00:50:20,200
collaborate on the Artemus program ? 

1318
00:50:21,060 --> 00:50:23,060
And so I think you know , there's a 

1319
00:50:23,060 --> 00:50:25,338
long history , or even in the Cold War . 

1320
00:50:25,338 --> 00:50:27,449
In the height of the Cold War , there 

1321
00:50:27,449 --> 00:50:29,560
was great collaboration , uh , in the 

1322
00:50:29,560 --> 00:50:31,727
civil sector . I mean , there's always 

1323
00:50:31,727 --> 00:50:34,630
been strong collaboration with , uh 

1324
00:50:34,640 --> 00:50:38,210
with , uh , Russia and in NASA , and I 

1325
00:50:38,210 --> 00:50:41,180
think , uh , I think that's a benefit 

1326
00:50:41,180 --> 00:50:43,440
for our nation , and I think it's 

1327
00:50:43,440 --> 00:50:46,700
something that should continue . I'll 

1328
00:50:46,700 --> 00:50:48,644
turn that over to administer Brian 

1329
00:50:48,644 --> 00:50:50,811
Stein for more , but I think there's , 

1330
00:50:50,811 --> 00:50:52,978
I think that's one area , even even in 

1331
00:50:52,978 --> 00:50:55,311
areas where when our countries disagree , 

1332
00:50:55,311 --> 00:50:57,710
there's always been agreement on , uh , 

1333
00:50:57,720 --> 00:50:59,664
in partnership on the civil use of 

1334
00:50:59,664 --> 00:51:03,290
space . So obviously you know , 

1335
00:51:03,290 --> 00:51:05,470
next month , I guess in November we're 

1336
00:51:05,470 --> 00:51:08,780
celebrating 20 years of Russian 

1337
00:51:08,780 --> 00:51:10,891
cosmonauts and NASA astronauts living 

1338
00:51:10,891 --> 00:51:12,447
and working together on the 

1339
00:51:12,447 --> 00:51:14,558
international space station . So that 

1340
00:51:14,558 --> 00:51:16,669
really is a monumental achievement of 

1341
00:51:16,669 --> 00:51:18,780
diplomacy when you think about all of 

1342
00:51:18,780 --> 00:51:21,002
the terrestrial challenges that the two 

1343
00:51:21,002 --> 00:51:23,460
nations have , So I do think you know 

1344
00:51:23,460 --> 00:51:25,870
it . Za channel of communication . It's 

1345
00:51:25,870 --> 00:51:28,730
an important , um , kind of diplomatic 

1346
00:51:28,730 --> 00:51:31,730
tool . I would also say , as as General 

1347
00:51:31,730 --> 00:51:34,950
Raymond said , We go back to 1972 

1348
00:51:34,960 --> 00:51:37,490
were high in the height of the Cold War 

1349
00:51:37,490 --> 00:51:40,460
and we had the Apollo Soyuz program . 

1350
00:51:40,470 --> 00:51:43,220
Or if or if you're if you're Russian , 

1351
00:51:43,230 --> 00:51:45,119
you know , they call it the Soyuz 

1352
00:51:45,119 --> 00:51:47,760
Apollo program , which was kind of a 

1353
00:51:47,770 --> 00:51:50,490
groundbreaking effort of collaboration . 

1354
00:51:50,860 --> 00:51:52,940
Then , you know , we had the shuttle 

1355
00:51:52,940 --> 00:51:55,500
near program where they built the space 

1356
00:51:55,500 --> 00:51:57,500
station mirror . We built the space 

1357
00:51:57,500 --> 00:51:59,667
shuttle . We collaborated there . Um , 

1358
00:51:59,667 --> 00:52:03,100
that was in the in the eighties . Onda 

1359
00:52:03,100 --> 00:52:05,670
and nineties on DNA . Now we've got the 

1360
00:52:05,670 --> 00:52:08,830
space station program . Um , so there's 

1361
00:52:08,830 --> 00:52:12,420
a lot of history here . Uh , certainly . 

1362
00:52:12,420 --> 00:52:14,800
I know the space Force has a very 

1363
00:52:14,800 --> 00:52:16,856
different mission that NASA , but as 

1364
00:52:16,856 --> 00:52:19,022
faras ah , tool of diplomacy . I think 

1365
00:52:19,022 --> 00:52:21,244
I think we're doing We're doing good by 

1366
00:52:21,244 --> 00:52:23,860
our nation . Thanks very much . And , 

1367
00:52:23,870 --> 00:52:26,940
uh your answer reminded me we had 

1368
00:52:26,950 --> 00:52:29,700
General Tom's Africa , um , speak Thio 

1369
00:52:29,710 --> 00:52:31,932
Mitchell Institute about that mission . 

1370
00:52:31,932 --> 00:52:34,450
It was just absolutely fascinating . So 

1371
00:52:34,460 --> 00:52:36,516
from both both of you , it's a great 

1372
00:52:36,516 --> 00:52:38,738
point on partnering with the folks that 

1373
00:52:39,050 --> 00:52:41,410
way . Seem to be able to do better in 

1374
00:52:41,410 --> 00:52:43,260
space than we do in terms of 

1375
00:52:43,260 --> 00:52:46,070
relationships inside the atmosphere . 

1376
00:52:46,080 --> 00:52:48,136
Let me turn it over to Sanders Irwin 

1377
00:52:48,136 --> 00:52:51,800
for her question , thank you very much . 

1378
00:52:51,810 --> 00:52:53,810
And thank you , Administrator Brian 

1379
00:52:53,810 --> 00:52:55,977
Stein and General Raymond for for this 

1380
00:52:55,977 --> 00:52:57,810
briefing . I have a question for 

1381
00:52:57,810 --> 00:52:59,870
General Raymond . Um , China has not 

1382
00:52:59,870 --> 00:53:01,926
been mentioned in this discussion so 

1383
00:53:01,926 --> 00:53:04,850
far . And I know that you've raised 

1384
00:53:04,860 --> 00:53:08,740
some concerns about China , uh , on 

1385
00:53:08,740 --> 00:53:10,740
their behavior in space . And I was 

1386
00:53:10,740 --> 00:53:12,907
just wondering , how would you suggest 

1387
00:53:12,907 --> 00:53:15,073
moving forward that the US should work 

1388
00:53:15,073 --> 00:53:17,690
with China to make space more secure 

1389
00:53:17,700 --> 00:53:19,922
and deal with some of the concerns that 

1390
00:53:19,922 --> 00:53:22,170
you have ? Thanks . You know , the 

1391
00:53:22,180 --> 00:53:24,291
first of all , I just say that , um , 

1392
00:53:24,291 --> 00:53:26,490
the United States Space Forces is 

1393
00:53:26,490 --> 00:53:28,712
reaching out and has very , very strong 

1394
00:53:28,712 --> 00:53:30,934
partnerships across the globe with like 

1395
00:53:30,934 --> 00:53:33,050
minded nations to operate in the safe 

1396
00:53:33,050 --> 00:53:35,050
from professional manner . We share 

1397
00:53:35,050 --> 00:53:36,883
data back and forth again , as I 

1398
00:53:36,883 --> 00:53:40,470
mentioned up front . Um uh , the 

1399
00:53:40,480 --> 00:53:42,650
partnership aspect of what we've done 

1400
00:53:42,660 --> 00:53:44,882
with the space force and really leading 

1401
00:53:44,882 --> 00:53:47,049
up to space for over the last last few 

1402
00:53:47,049 --> 00:53:49,160
years when we stood up us basic man , 

1403
00:53:49,160 --> 00:53:51,382
we we've developed a combined command . 

1404
00:53:51,382 --> 00:53:53,216
I mean , we are . We're not just 

1405
00:53:53,216 --> 00:53:55,216
sharing data with our partners were 

1406
00:53:55,216 --> 00:53:55,020
operating together . We've got a very 

1407
00:53:55,020 --> 00:53:57,020
strong partnership based . We share 

1408
00:53:57,020 --> 00:53:59,187
information broadly across the world . 

1409
00:53:59,187 --> 00:54:01,520
And I would just call on all nations to , 

1410
00:54:01,540 --> 00:54:04,290
um , operate in a manner that reflects 

1411
00:54:04,290 --> 00:54:06,234
the safety and professional use of 

1412
00:54:06,234 --> 00:54:10,210
space administrator . You 

1413
00:54:10,210 --> 00:54:13,630
have any comments about China ? So 

1414
00:54:13,630 --> 00:54:16,490
NASA is prohibited from cooperating 

1415
00:54:16,490 --> 00:54:19,450
with China in any bilateral way and and 

1416
00:54:19,450 --> 00:54:23,080
were prohibited by law on DSO I would 

1417
00:54:23,080 --> 00:54:25,530
imagine that , you know , that that 

1418
00:54:25,530 --> 00:54:28,480
could change if if their behavior were 

1419
00:54:28,480 --> 00:54:32,390
to change . Um , but until until 

1420
00:54:32,390 --> 00:54:35,420
Congress passes a different law or lets 

1421
00:54:35,420 --> 00:54:37,642
the current appropriation , it's it was 

1422
00:54:37,642 --> 00:54:39,809
done in appropriation Bill . It's done 

1423
00:54:39,809 --> 00:54:41,809
annually in an appropriation bill . 

1424
00:54:41,809 --> 00:54:43,642
Until that expires in Congress . 

1425
00:54:43,642 --> 00:54:45,253
Doesn't Doesn't , you know , 

1426
00:54:45,253 --> 00:54:48,340
reinstitute it ? Um , you know , we're 

1427
00:54:48,340 --> 00:54:50,118
not gonna be We're not gonna be 

1428
00:54:50,118 --> 00:54:52,640
partnering in a bilateral way . Thank 

1429
00:54:52,640 --> 00:54:55,860
you . Okay . How about Theresa Hitchens . 

1430
00:54:56,840 --> 00:54:58,784
Hi , this is Theresa Hitchens with 

1431
00:54:58,784 --> 00:55:00,618
breaking defense . And thanks to 

1432
00:55:00,618 --> 00:55:02,860
everyone for doing this today , I have 

1433
00:55:02,860 --> 00:55:05,600
a two part question first for for 

1434
00:55:05,600 --> 00:55:07,767
administer straighter bride Einstein . 

1435
00:55:07,767 --> 00:55:10,960
Um , my question is about ruin . A 

1436
00:55:10,960 --> 00:55:14,400
resource is and you sort of made the 

1437
00:55:14,400 --> 00:55:16,456
comparison thio extracting fish from 

1438
00:55:16,456 --> 00:55:18,850
the ocean . But resource is on the moon 

1439
00:55:18,850 --> 00:55:21,940
or finite eso anything you take , you 

1440
00:55:21,940 --> 00:55:24,550
mind or you remove that they're finite . 

1441
00:55:24,550 --> 00:55:26,772
Resource is , and that's different than 

1442
00:55:26,772 --> 00:55:30,490
fish fish will re populate lunar 

1443
00:55:30,490 --> 00:55:32,268
regular . It is not going to re 

1444
00:55:32,268 --> 00:55:35,240
populate . So how do you work that with 

1445
00:55:35,250 --> 00:55:37,480
our international partners and for 

1446
00:55:37,480 --> 00:55:39,860
General Raymond , as you look beyond , 

1447
00:55:39,860 --> 00:55:42,400
um , g 02 sooner 

1448
00:55:42,400 --> 00:55:45,750
operations ? Can you 

1449
00:55:45,760 --> 00:55:48,490
explain to me what you see is the Space 

1450
00:55:48,490 --> 00:55:52,080
Force's mission in protecting or 

1451
00:55:52,080 --> 00:55:54,550
defending commercial interests who 

1452
00:55:54,550 --> 00:55:57,330
might run into trouble in space or on 

1453
00:55:57,330 --> 00:55:59,330
the moon or on Mars ? That is not a 

1454
00:55:59,330 --> 00:56:01,890
mission that was traditionally in the 

1455
00:56:01,890 --> 00:56:03,834
Air Force Space Command or the Air 

1456
00:56:03,834 --> 00:56:06,590
Force's bucket of mission sets . I 

1457
00:56:06,600 --> 00:56:09,730
don't see it in the current doctrine 

1458
00:56:09,730 --> 00:56:11,910
paper that you put out . So I wondered 

1459
00:56:11,910 --> 00:56:14,243
if you could explain that mission to me . 

1460
00:56:14,243 --> 00:56:17,950
Thank you . So a 

1461
00:56:17,950 --> 00:56:21,660
great , great question . As's faras the 

1462
00:56:21,670 --> 00:56:23,892
you know the lunar resource is question 

1463
00:56:24,130 --> 00:56:26,950
a couple of things to keep in mind . Um , 

1464
00:56:27,430 --> 00:56:30,290
the the resource is that that come from 

1465
00:56:30,290 --> 00:56:32,460
the ocean , that would would be energy 

1466
00:56:32,460 --> 00:56:35,350
are also finite Andi yet and yet were 

1467
00:56:35,350 --> 00:56:37,406
able to extract those resources from 

1468
00:56:37,406 --> 00:56:39,017
the ocean . And if you , the 

1469
00:56:39,017 --> 00:56:41,183
fundamental law that applies is if you 

1470
00:56:41,183 --> 00:56:43,460
apply your sweat and your equity and 

1471
00:56:43,460 --> 00:56:45,560
your investment your capital to 

1472
00:56:45,560 --> 00:56:48,860
extracting a resource , Um , you you 

1473
00:56:48,860 --> 00:56:50,749
receive the benefit of owning the 

1474
00:56:50,749 --> 00:56:52,971
property right of that resource . While 

1475
00:56:52,971 --> 00:56:56,480
you don't also own the ocean eso that's 

1476
00:56:56,480 --> 00:56:58,591
that's the fundamental property right 

1477
00:56:58,591 --> 00:57:00,760
that that that exists , whether it's 

1478
00:57:00,760 --> 00:57:04,440
fish or energy from from the ocean , um , 

1479
00:57:04,450 --> 00:57:07,180
on the moon . That same principle , in 

1480
00:57:07,180 --> 00:57:09,402
my view and , of course , passed by the 

1481
00:57:09,402 --> 00:57:11,569
United States Congress with bipartisan 

1482
00:57:11,569 --> 00:57:13,569
support signed by President Obama . 

1483
00:57:13,569 --> 00:57:15,236
That's that's the way we have 

1484
00:57:15,236 --> 00:57:17,458
interpreted the Outer Space treaty on . 

1485
00:57:17,458 --> 00:57:19,569
And I will tell you that we we've had 

1486
00:57:19,569 --> 00:57:21,736
broad , you know , consensus that this 

1487
00:57:21,736 --> 00:57:25,280
is this is ah , um , an appropriate way 

1488
00:57:25,280 --> 00:57:28,550
to explore and develop the moon . Now , 

1489
00:57:28,550 --> 00:57:30,960
if we get to a day where we're running 

1490
00:57:30,960 --> 00:57:33,182
out of resource is on the moon . I will 

1491
00:57:33,182 --> 00:57:35,238
tell you that NASA will have done an 

1492
00:57:35,238 --> 00:57:37,460
amazing job . Um , we're not anywhere , 

1493
00:57:37,460 --> 00:57:40,740
of course , near near near that . 

1494
00:57:41,030 --> 00:57:44,490
But in my view , we need to make sure 

1495
00:57:44,490 --> 00:57:47,790
that we set the regulatory certainty to 

1496
00:57:47,790 --> 00:57:49,568
encourage the capital formation 

1497
00:57:49,568 --> 00:57:51,800
necessary for commercial companies to 

1498
00:57:51,800 --> 00:57:54,890
go and do these types of activities on 

1499
00:57:54,890 --> 00:57:57,140
bond . And I will also say , Look , we 

1500
00:57:57,140 --> 00:58:00,070
talk about rare earth metals on Earth , 

1501
00:58:00,070 --> 00:58:02,220
platinum group metals . These air 

1502
00:58:02,220 --> 00:58:04,442
asteroid impacts from billions of years 

1503
00:58:04,442 --> 00:58:06,553
ago . And these asteroid impacts , of 

1504
00:58:06,553 --> 00:58:08,940
course , are , um , you know , today on 

1505
00:58:08,940 --> 00:58:11,660
earth they there they call them Rare 

1506
00:58:11,660 --> 00:58:13,827
Earth Metals . They're very trace when 

1507
00:58:13,827 --> 00:58:15,993
you find them . It's because the Earth 

1508
00:58:15,993 --> 00:58:18,104
has an active geology . The Earth has 

1509
00:58:18,104 --> 00:58:20,216
an active atmosphere and active hydro 

1510
00:58:20,216 --> 00:58:22,327
sphere . So nothing is today where it 

1511
00:58:22,327 --> 00:58:24,216
was billions of years ago when it 

1512
00:58:24,216 --> 00:58:26,438
collided with the earth . And that's if 

1513
00:58:26,438 --> 00:58:25,700
it could even get through the 

1514
00:58:25,700 --> 00:58:27,811
atmosphere . To begin with . We saw , 

1515
00:58:27,811 --> 00:58:29,867
of course , what happened with Kelly 

1516
00:58:29,867 --> 00:58:31,811
events . That was a that was a big 

1517
00:58:31,811 --> 00:58:33,922
asteroid 20 m wide , and of course it 

1518
00:58:33,922 --> 00:58:36,089
exploded , you know , you know , miles 

1519
00:58:36,089 --> 00:58:38,089
above the surface of the earth . So 

1520
00:58:38,089 --> 00:58:39,978
It's really hard for asteroids to 

1521
00:58:39,978 --> 00:58:42,089
actually make impact with the earth . 

1522
00:58:42,089 --> 00:58:44,033
You look at the moon , the moon is 

1523
00:58:44,033 --> 00:58:46,089
riddled with asteroid impacts and it 

1524
00:58:46,089 --> 00:58:48,144
continues to be impacted regularly . 

1525
00:58:48,144 --> 00:58:50,367
The earth and the moon , we fly through 

1526
00:58:50,367 --> 00:58:52,589
the same piece of sky . Um , if we have 

1527
00:58:52,589 --> 00:58:55,100
rare earth metals , you know those 

1528
00:58:55,100 --> 00:58:56,933
those same asteroid impacts have 

1529
00:58:56,933 --> 00:58:59,100
impacted the moon . The differences on 

1530
00:58:59,100 --> 00:59:02,630
the moon um there is no active geology . 

1531
00:59:02,630 --> 00:59:05,040
There is no active hydro sphere . There 

1532
00:59:05,040 --> 00:59:07,151
is no active atmosphere . So anything 

1533
00:59:07,151 --> 00:59:09,151
that impact of the moon billions of 

1534
00:59:09,151 --> 00:59:11,373
years ago is today , right where it was 

1535
00:59:11,373 --> 00:59:13,651
billions of years ago . In other words , 

1536
00:59:13,651 --> 00:59:15,707
there could very well be and I'm not 

1537
00:59:15,707 --> 00:59:14,930
saying there is , because , I don't 

1538
00:59:14,930 --> 00:59:16,930
know , but there very well could be 

1539
00:59:17,320 --> 00:59:19,380
trillions of dollars , tens of 

1540
00:59:19,380 --> 00:59:21,900
trillions of dollars in large deposits 

1541
00:59:21,900 --> 00:59:24,067
of platinum group metals on the moon . 

1542
00:59:24,220 --> 00:59:27,200
And if that's the case , um , that if 

1543
00:59:27,200 --> 00:59:29,367
somebody were to be able to capitalize 

1544
00:59:29,367 --> 00:59:31,533
on those discoveries , it could change 

1545
00:59:31,533 --> 00:59:33,756
the balance of power on Earth . I'm not 

1546
00:59:33,756 --> 00:59:35,867
saying that's the case , by the way . 

1547
00:59:35,867 --> 00:59:38,200
It is very expensive to get to the moon . 

1548
00:59:38,200 --> 00:59:40,256
It's very expensive to extract those 

1549
00:59:40,256 --> 00:59:42,422
resource is very expensive to get them 

1550
00:59:42,422 --> 00:59:44,589
home . So the business case may or may 

1551
00:59:44,589 --> 00:59:46,367
not close , but I do think it's 

1552
00:59:46,367 --> 00:59:48,144
important to set the regulatory 

1553
00:59:48,144 --> 00:59:51,870
certainty necessary to capitalize , um , 

1554
00:59:51,870 --> 00:59:54,820
and encourage that activity , Um , and 

1555
00:59:54,830 --> 00:59:56,886
and and the same principles apply at 

1556
00:59:56,886 --> 00:59:58,890
the moon that would apply over 

1557
00:59:58,890 --> 01:00:02,510
international waters . Well , ladies 

1558
01:00:02,510 --> 01:00:04,840
and gentlemen , unfortunately , we've 

1559
01:00:04,840 --> 01:00:06,930
come to the end of this aerospace 

1560
01:00:06,930 --> 01:00:10,450
nation on . I'd like to thank again . 

1561
01:00:10,460 --> 01:00:13,440
Uh , the administrator , right , 

1562
01:00:13,440 --> 01:00:16,730
Einstein and General Raymond that you 

1563
01:00:16,730 --> 01:00:19,750
both are doing magnificent work , and 

1564
01:00:19,750 --> 01:00:21,917
we wish you all the best for continued 

1565
01:00:21,917 --> 01:00:24,730
success . So to you and to our audience , 

1566
01:00:24,740 --> 01:00:26,629
from all of us here , the Mission 

1567
01:00:26,629 --> 01:00:28,796
Institute have a great aerospace power 

1568
01:00:28,796 --> 01:00:31,260
candidate and thank you very much and 

1569
01:00:31,260 --> 01:00:33,482
administer Bronson . Thanks for joining 

1570
01:00:33,482 --> 01:00:35,482
us this morning . And thanks to the 

1571
01:00:35,482 --> 01:00:37,704
Mitchell Institute and for Theresa that 

1572
01:00:37,704 --> 01:00:39,927
asked that last question . I think it's 

1573
01:00:39,927 --> 01:00:39,090
a chance answer will reach out to you , 

1574
01:00:39,090 --> 01:00:41,312
and I'll get you an answer . But thanks 

1575
01:00:41,312 --> 01:00:43,400
very much for the opportunity . Take 

1576
01:00:43,400 --> 01:00:45,511
care . That's real pleasure , General 

1577
01:00:45,511 --> 01:00:47,733
Deptula . Thank you so much . You bet . 

1578
01:00:47,733 --> 01:00:47,830
Thank you .